In the shady ravines north of Kussowlee, where there is the greatest approach to forest, a species of laurel is the most conspicuous tree. On the more exposed hills, _Falconeria insignis_ and _Euphorbia pentagona_ occur, scattered as small trees, and one small wood of _Ægle marmelos_ is passed close to the village of Haripur. The most common shrubs are _Adhatoda Vasica_, _Carissa_, and _Zizyphus Jujuba_, species universal in the plains of upper India; _Colebrookea oppositifolia_, _Grislea_, _Bergera_, _Roylea_ and _Boehmeria nivea_, all species which are throughout the north-west Himalaya, characteristic of the lower and drier parts of the outer ranges. Two Labiate shrubs, _Plectranthus rugosus_ and _Meriandra strobilifera_, are particularly abundant on the slopes between Haripur and Sairi, and strongly mark the aridity of the climate.
The herbaceous vegetation, being principally of annual growth, approaches still more closely to the plains types. At the season of my journey in May, the extreme drought had dried up almost all the smaller plants, but during, and immediately after the rainy season the herbage is very luxuriant. The steep slopes are then covered with a uniform herbage of tall grasses, which is in many places cut and preserved for hay, by the inhabitants of the scattered villages in the valleys. The most prevailing grasses are a tall sweet-scented _Cymbopogon_ and _Heteropogon contortus_. A species of _Kalanchoë_, a large and conspicuous plant, with thick fleshy leaves, is very common, and the superb _Gloriosa_ or _Methonica_ is by no means rare.
On the highest ridges in the valley, at elevations of 5000 feet and upwards, there are frequent approaches to the temperate flora, the shady slopes on northern exposures being frequently covered with small patches of brushwood, containing species of _Berberis_, _Rubus_, _Spiræa_, etc., and numerous herbaceous species, of forms common at Simla. These, however, are quite exceptional, though no doubt with a very little more humidity the shrubby vegetation would rapidly extend, and under its shelter many small plants would be able to grow, which are now, when they attempt to vegetate, destroyed by the scorching heat of the sun.