One way of thinking of the six hundred thousand kinds or species of insects—those tiny, ubiquitous fellow-creatures of ours which inhabit nearly every corner and cranny of the earth’s surface—is to associate them with the plants upon which, either for food or protection, the greater number of them are dependent. This makes them appear less overwhelming in their astonishing and, at first sight, meaningless variety, than when one calls them to mind pinned out in long lines in innumerable drawers and cases, or assorted, like with like, in the wonderfully accurate and interminable pictures of them produced by those patient benefactors of mankind the systematic entomologists. Every plant of any size has a number of insects associated with it, living more or less completely on its substance, or making its home in some part of the plant. Some trees are known to have more than a hundred and fifty kinds or species of insects thus dependent on them, those which are vegetarian serving in their turn as food to a variety of carnivorous insects.
The ways in which insects are associated with plants may be briefly stated. It must be remembered that often, though not always, one particular species of plant, and that only, is capable of serving the needs of a given species of insect. Thus, the leaves of a given plant are the necessary food of the grubs of one or more insects which bite their food; its internal juices serve others which suck; its roots others; its nectar in the flower others, which in return serve the plant by carrying away its pollen and fertilising the other plants of the same species which they visit. Protection is sought and obtained from the same plant by insects which burrow in its leaves, or roll them up, or cut them into slices and carry them away, or hide in its bark, or in the flowers, or in other parts—or burrow for food and shelter into its wood. Others lay their eggs in the soft buds, producing or not producing according to their kind distorted growths, known as “galls” (one plant is known to have as many as thirty species of gall-flies which make use of it). Other insects lay their eggs in the flower-buds and immature fruits, or place them on the plant so that the young grubs, when hatched, can at once eat into those soft parts. Others bore into the wood or into hard or fleshy fruits expressly to lay their eggs, or into the ripe seeds. Certain ants live in chambers specially provided by the woody parts of the plant for them, and benefit both themselves and the plant by devouring other insects which seek the plant in order to devour it. In a museum of natural history there should be exhibited at least one plant with specimens and enlarged models of all the insects which depend upon it for food, protection, or nursery, and with accompanying illustrations of the way in which those purposes are served.