Mary Josephine Shelly (February 17, 1902 – August 5, 1976) was an American educational and military administrator who led the United States Navy's education for WAVES in World War II. She later served as director of Women in the Air Force in the Korean War.
Early life and career
Mary Josephine "Mary Jo" Shelly was born to Irish-American parents on February 17, 1902, the youngest of four children, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. In 1919, Shelly joined John Harvey Kellogg's Battle Creek School of Physical Education, graduating in spring 1922. There she met Martha Hill, who remained a close friend and colleague throughout her life. Several suspected a romantic component throughout their early relationship.
From 1923 to 1924, Shelly taught at the Battle Creek Normal School. Shelly attended the University of Oregon, starting to teach physical education there in 1924 and earning her bachelor's degree in 1926. She returned to the University of Oregon to teach. She later obtained her master's degree from Teachers College, Columbia University. While there, she, with fellow Kellogg graduates Martha Hill and Edith Ballweber, enrolled in Gertrude Colby's program in the physical education requirement. In fall of 1929, she joined the faculty of Teacher's College. In 1932, Shelly was one of ten full-time professors hired at Columbia's New College, an experimental school within Teacher's College, where she supervised courses on the study of communications and global studies.
In 1933, Shelly was invited to teach dance and develop a summer dance institute with Hill. The next summer, the Bennington School of Dance opened as an "immediate success", with Shelly as the administrative director, dealing with "catastrophes" as they arose. Notably, the program hosted Martha Graham, Doris Humphrey, Charles Weidman, Hanya Holm, and Jóse Limón. The rigorous program became "an important hub for modern dance", and was particularly notable for teaching many techniques and approaches to modern dance with a focus on artistry. Shelly returned in this position in summers until 1941.
In 1935, Shelly was appointed to associate professor of physical education and assistant to the dean of students at the University of Chicago. While there, she became assistant to the dean of students and chaired the women's physical education department, directing the Ida Noyes Gymnasium. She brought her interest in dance into physical education. Shelly continued to spend her summers in Bennington, helping Hill with the summer program. In 1939, Shelly helped Hill move the Bennington summer dance program to Mills College at Northeastern University under Rosalind Cassidy and Aurelia Henry Reinhardt.
In 1938, Shelly joined Bennington College as the educational assistant to university President Robert Devore Leigh. In 1940, she also became the administrative director of the school of the arts.
Military career
In April 1942, Shelly took stock of Bennington's "resources for the national service" for the war. Shelly was contacted by Gene Tunney, who was in charge of training men in the Navy, asking her to take over for women. Though she initially refused, when he visited Bennington in person, she agreed. In September 1942, Shelly temporarily left Bennington College to join the Women's Naval Reserve as a lieutenant in charge of physical training and drill. She was one of the first lieutenants commissioned in WAVES. She was quickly promoted to Assistant for the Women's Reserve to the Director of Training of the Navy, Mildred H. McAfee. In this position, she led the WAVES schools to expand from just one to thirty-two. At the end of the war, she planned and oversaw the demobilization of 82,000 WAVES. Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal awarded her a Secretarial Citation in honor of her service.
Shelly returned to Bennington after the war as the college's director of admissions, and reverted to the Military reserve as a commander. In the public view, "many strong women were assumed to be lesbians, and Mary Jo was proudly one of them." In 1948, Shelly, now romantically involved with a fellow WAVE, purchased a summer cottage in Block Island.
During the Korean War, the United States was working to increase the recruitment of women in the Air Force. In 1951, Shelly met with Assistant Secretary of the Defense Anna Rosenberg, Secretary of the Air Force Thomas K. Finletter, and Air Force Chief of Staff Hoyt Vandenberg, who asked her to take Geraldine Pratt May's position of director of Women in the Air Force (WAF). Though she was initially hesitant, she ultimately agreed, and joined the Air Force as a colonel.