The year 1939 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy
Robert Oppenheimer jointly predicts two new types of celestial object: With George Volkoff, he calculates the structure of neutron stars. With Hartland Snyder, he predicts the existence of what will come to be called black holes.
Biology
Autumn – DDT's properties as an insecticide are discovered by Paul Müller of Geigy.
Cartography
Kavrayskiy VII projection devised by Vladimir V. Kavrayskiy.
Chemistry
January 7 – French physicist Marguerite Perey identifies francium, the last chemical element first discovered in nature, as a decay product of 227Ac. April 30 – Nylon fabric is first introduced to the general public at the New York World's Fair. July – Edward Adelbert Doisy of Saint Louis University publishes the chemical structure of vitamin K. Linus Pauling publishes The Nature of the Chemical Bond, a compilation of a decade's work on chemical bonding, explaining hybridization theory, covalent bonding and ionic bonding as explained through electronegativity, and resonance as a means to explain, among other things, the structure of benzene.
Computer science
September 4 – Alan Turing and Gordon Welchman report to the United Kingdom Government Code and Cypher School, Bletchley Park. October – John V. Atanasoff with Clifford Berry demonstrate the first prototype Atanasoff–Berry Computer at Iowa State University. Publication of Vannevar Bush's article "Mechanization and the Record" proposing a proto-hypertext collective memory machine which he soon afterwards calls 'memex'.
History of science and technology
Cornelis de Waard begins to publish the Journaal of Isaac Beeckman. Philosopher and historian Alexandre Koyré originates the term scientific revolution to describe the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, from the late Renaissance to the late 18th century. Quarry Bank Mill, an 18th-century working (at this time) cotton mill in northwest England, is donated to the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty.
Mathematics
Richard von Mises poses the birthday problem in probability.
Physics
January–February – Discovery of nuclear fission is announced independently by Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner. On January 26, Niels Bohr reports the splitting of the uranium nucleus with a release of two hundred million electron volts of energy to a conference on the campus of George Washington University in Washington, D.C. August 2 – The Einstein–Szilard letter is signed by Albert Einstein, advising President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt of the potential use of uranium to construct an atomic bomb. It is delivered on October 11. October 21 – First meeting of the Advisory Committee on Uranium under Lyman James Briggs, authorised by President Roosevelt to oversee neutron experiments.
Physiology and medicine
John H. Lawrence uses beams of energized neutrons from a particle accelerator to treat a patient with leukemia. Drs Philip Levine and Rufus Stetson publish a first case report on the clinical consequences of non-recognized Rh factor, hemolytic transfusion reaction and hemolytic disease of the newborn in its most severe form. Maudsley Hospital moves to an evacuated school in north London as the Mill Hill Emergency Hospital where treatment of combat stress is pioneered. Intramedullary rod is first used by German Gerhard Küntscher.
Technology
January 1 – Hewlett-Packard is founded as an electronics company in Palo Alto, California. January 11 – First flight of the Lockheed P-38 Lightning in the United States. August 27 – Flying the Heinkel He 178, Erich Warsitz makes the first flight entirely on turbojet power (the HeS 3 jet engine). November 1–2 – Physicist Hans Ferdinand Mayer writes the Oslo Report on German weapons systems and passes it to the British Secret Intelligence Service. December 29 – First flight of the Consolidated XB-24 "Liberator" bomber prototype in the United States. Homer Dudley and Robert Riesz of Bell Labs in the United States publicly demonstrate the Voder (voice operating demonstrator) speech synthesis machine. Kirlian photography is invented by Semyon Kirlian. American industrial psychologist Fritz Roethlisberger, with William J. Dickson, publishes Management and the Worker: an account of a research program conducted by the Western Electric Company, Hawthorne works, Chicago.
Events
November 6 – Sonderaktion Krakau: The Gestapo arrests scientists from the Jagiellonian University and other institutions in Kraków, Poland; on November 27 they are sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp.