Hall, § 4--Westlake, I. pp. 25-27--Lawrence, § 39--Phillimore, I. §§ 85-99--Twiss, I. §§ 22-36, 61-73--Taylor, §§ 140-144--Wheaton, § 37--Moore, I. § 13--Bluntschli, §§ 76-77--Hartmann, § 16--Heffter, §§ 19 and 22--Holtzendorff in Holtzendorff, II. pp. 98-117--Liszt, § 6--Ullmann, § 25--Gareis, § 15--Bonfils, Nos. 188-190--Despagnet, Nos. 127-129--Mérignhac, I. pp. 201-218--Pradier-Fodéré, I. Nos. 109-112--Nys, I. pp. 357-364--Rivier, I. § 4--Calvo, I. §§ 66-72--Fiore, I. No. 341, and Code, Nos. 105-110--Martens, I. §§ 60-61--Stubbs, "Suzerainty" (1884)--Baty, "International Law in South Africa" (1900), pp. 48-68--Boghitchévitch, "Halbsouveränität" (1903).
[Sidenote: The Union between Suzerain and Vassal State.]
§ 90. The union and the relations between a Suzerain and its Vassal State create much difficulty in the science of the Law of Nations. As both are separate States, a union of States they certainly make, but it would be wrong to say that the Suzerain State is, like the Real Union of States or the Federal State, a composite International Person. And it would be equally wrong to maintain either that a Vassal State cannot be in any way a separate International Person of its own, or that it is an International Person of the same kind as any other State. What makes the matter so complicated, is the fact that a general rule regarding the relation between the suzerain and vassal, and, further, regarding the position, if any, of the vassal within the Family of Nations, cannot be laid down, as everything depends upon the special case. What can and must be said is that there are some States in existence which, although they are independent of another State as regards their internal affairs, are as regards their international affairs either absolutely or for the most part dependent upon another State. They are called half-Sovereign[137] States because they are sovereign within their borders but not without. The full Sovereign State upon which such half-Sovereign States are either absolutely or for the most part internationally dependent, is called the Suzerain State.
[Footnote 137: In contradistinction to the States which are under suzerainty or protectorate, and which are commonly called _half_-Sovereign States, I call member-States of a Federal State _part_-Sovereign States.]