[Footnote 16: Haugan had formerly for a long series of years carried his own vessel to Spitzbergen and Novaya Zemlya, and was known as one of the most fortunate walrus-hunters of the Norwegian Polar Sea fleet. ]
[Footnote 17: The original of this drawing, for which I am indebted to Councillor of Justice H. Rink, of Copenhagen, was painted by a German painter at Beigen, in 1654. The painting has the following inscription:--
Mit Ledern Schifflein auff dem Meer De grönleinder fein bein undt her Bön Thieren undt Bogelen haben see Ire tracht Das falte lands bon winter nacht ]
[Footnote 18: The birch which grows here is the sweet-scented birch (_Betula odorata_, Bechst.), not the dwarf birch (_Betula nana_, L.), which is found as far north as Ice Fjord in Spitzbergen (78 degree 7' N.L.), though there it only rises a few inches above ground. ]
[Footnote 19: According to Latkin, _Die Lena und ihr Flussgebiet_ (_Petermann's Mittheilungen_, 1879, p. 91). On the map which accompanies Engehardt's reproduction of Wrangel's _Journey_ (Berlin, 1839), the limit of trees at the Lena is placed at 71° N.L. ]
[Footnote 20: On the Kola Peninsula, and in the neighbourhood of the White Sea, as far as to Ural, the limit of trees consists of a species of pine (_Picea obovata_, Ledeb.), but farther east in Kamschatka again of birch.--Th. von Middendorff, _Reise in dem äussersten Norden und Osten Sibiriens_, vol. iv. p. 582. ]
[Footnote 21: An idea of the influence exerted by the immediate neighbourhood of a warm ocean-current in making the climate milder may be obtained from the following table of the mean temperatures of the different months at
1. Tromsoe (69° 30' N.L.); 2. Fruholm, near North Cape (71° 6' N.L.); 3. Vardoe (70° 22' N.L.); 4. Enontekis and Karesuando, on the river Muonio, in the interior of Lapland (68° 26' N.L.). Tromsoe Fruholm Vardoe Enontekis January........... -4.2° -2.7° -6.0° -13.7° February.......... -4.0 -4.7 -6.4 -17.1 March............. -3.8 -3.2 -5.1 -11.4 April............. -0.1 -0.9 -1.7 -6.0 May............... +3.2 +2.7 +1.8 +0.9 June.............. +8.7 +7.5 +5.9 +8.0 July.............. +11.5 +9.3 +8.8 +11.6 August........... +10.4 +9.9 +9.8 +12.0 September......... +7.0 +5.8 +6.4 +4.5 October........... +2.0 +2.5 +1.3 -4.0 November.......... -1.7 -1.1 -2.1 -9.9 December.......... -3.2 -1.9 -4.0 -11.3
