J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” pp. 203, 205 (_Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. i. part 4).
J. Walter Fewkes, “The Lesser New-fire Ceremony at Walpi,” _American Anthropologist_, N.S. iii. (1901) p. 445.
Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 621.
For this information I am indebted to Mr. S. H. Ray.
G. Jacob, _Altarabisches Beduineneben_ 2nd Ed., (Berlin, 1897), p. 91. In his _Arabic-English Lexicon_, book i. p. 1257, E. W. Lane gives the following account of the subject: “_zand_, a piece of stick or wood, for producing fire; the upper one of the two pieces of stick, or wood, with which fire is produced: ... and _zanda_ is the appellation of the lower one thereof, in which is the notch or hollow, or in which is a hole.... One end of the _zand_ is put into the _fard_ (notch) of the _zanda_, and the _zand_ is then rapidly twirled round in producing fire.... The best kind of _zand_ is made of _’afār_ and the best kind of _zanda_ of _markh_.” It will be observed that the two writers differ as to _markh_ wood, Jacob saying that it is used to make the upright (male) stick, and Lane that it is used to make the horizontal (female) stick. My learned friend Professor A. A. Bevan, who directed my attention to both passages and transliterated for me the Arabic words in Lane, has kindly consulted the original authorities on this point and informs me that Lane is right.
L. Concradt, “Die Ngumbu in Südkamerun,” _Globus_, lxxxi, (1902) p. 354.
A. C. Hollis, _The Masai_ (Oxford, 1905), p. 342.
A. C. Hollis, _The Nandi_ (Oxford, 1909), p. 85.
Letter of the Rev. J. Roscoe, dated Mengo, Uganda, 3rd August 1904.
J. Macdonald, _Light in Africa_ 2nd Ed., (London, 1890), pp. 216 _sq._
Dudley Kidd, _The Essential Kafir_ (London, 1904), pp. 51 _sq._
J. Irle, _Die Herero_ (Gütersloh, 1906), pp. 49 _sqq._, 53 _sqq._ Compare Josaphat Hahn, “Die Ovaherero,” _Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin_, iv. (1869) pp. 227 _sqq._; H. Schinz, _Deutsch-Südwest-Afrika_ (Oldenburg and Leipsic, N.D.), pp. 142 _sq._; E. Dannert, _Zum Rechte der Herero_ (Berlin, 1906), pp. 1 _sqq._ The people call themselves _Ovaherero_ (plural); the singular form is _Omuherero_. The name Damaras was given them by the English and Dutch. Under the influence of the missionaries most of the heathen customs described in the text seem now to have disappeared. See P. H. Brincker, “Character, Sitten, und Gebräuche, speciell der Bantu Deutsch-Südwest-afrikas,” _Mittheilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin_, iii. (1900) Dritte Abtheilung, p. 72.