[Illustration: FIG. 102.--Flower of _Fuchsia_ in which the calyx was leafy, the petals normal (reflexed in the figure), the stamens partially converted into ovaries, the ordinary inferior ovary being absent. See Substitution.]
Robert Brown[204] observed stamens within the utricle of _Carex acuta_, and Gay is stated by Moquin ('El. Ter. Veg.,' p. 343) to have observed a similar occurrence in _Carex glauca_.
Paasch[205] observed a similar occurrence in _C. cæspitosa_, and Schauer, in _C. paludosa_,[206] though in the latter instance the case seems to have been one of transformation or substitution rather than one of hermaphroditism.
The second cause of this pseudo-hermaphroditism is due either to the more or less perfect mutation of male and female organs, or it may be to the complete absence of one and its replacement by another, as when out of many stamens, one or more are deficient, and their places occupied by carpels. This happens very frequently in willows and poplars, and has been seen in the beech.[207]
[Illustration: FIG. 103.--Hermaphrodite flower of _Carica Papaya_.]
In _Begonia frigida_[208] the anomaly is increased by the position of the ovaries above, the perianth, a position due, not to any solution or detachment of the latter from the former, but simply to the presence of ovaries where, under ordinary circumstances, stamens only are formed, as happened also in a garden variety of a _Fuchsia_, wherein, however, the change was less perfect than in the _Begonia_, and in which, as the flower is naturally hermaphrodite, the alteration is of the less importance.
[Illustration FIG. 104.--Ovuliferous anthers--_Cucurbita_.]
In hermaphrodite flowers of _Carica Papaya_ (fig. 103) there is a single row of five stamens instead of two rows of five each as in the normal male flowers, the position of the second or inner row of stamens being occupied by five carpels, which, however, are not adherent to the corolla as the stamens are, thus, supposing the arrangement of parts in the normal male flowers to be as follows:
--------------------------- s s s s s --------------------------- | p p p p p | st st st st st | st st st st st |
That of the hermaphrodite blossoms would be, in brief, as follows: