[Footnote 170: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XXXV. p. 556.]
[Footnote 171: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XXXIV. p. 238.]
[Footnote 172: It has been mentioned above, p. 76, that the Moroccan question has been reopened, and that fresh negotiations are taking place for its settlement.]
Hall, § 98--Westlake, I. pp. 37-39--Phillimore, I. §§ 278-440--Twiss, I. §§ 206-207--Taylor, §§ 277, 278, 282--Wharton, I. § 70, p. 546--Moore, I. § 18--Bluntschli, § 172--Heffter, §§ 40-41--Geffcken in Holtzendorff, II. pp. 151-222--Gareis, § 13--Liszt, § 5--Ullmann, § 28--Bonfils, Nos. 370-396--Despagnet, Nos. 147-164--Mérignhac, II. pp. 119-153--Nys, II. pp. 297-324--Rivier, I. § 8--Fiore, I. Nos. 520, 521--Martens, I. § 84--Fiore, "Della condizione giuridica internazionale della chiesa e del Papa" (1887)--Bombard, "Le Pape et le droit des gens" (1888)--Imbart-Latour, "La papauté en droit international" (1893)--Olivart, "Le Pape, les états de l'église et l'Italie" (1897)--Chrétien in R.G. VI. (1899) pp. 281-291--Bompart in R.G. VII. (1900), pp. 369-387--Higgins in _The Journal of the Society for Comparative Legislation_, New Series, IX. (1907), pp. 252-264.
§ 104. When the Law of Nations began to grow up among the States of Christendom, the Pope was the monarch of one of those States--namely, the so-called Papal States. This State owed its existence to Pepin-le-Bref and his son Charlemagne, who established it in gratitude to the Popes Stephen III. and Adrian I., who crowned them as Kings of the Franks. It remained in the hands of the Popes till 1798, when it became a republic for about three years. In 1801 the former order of things was re-established, but in 1809 it became a part of the Napoleonic Empire. In 1814 it was re-established, and remained in existence till 1870, when it was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy. Throughout the existence of the Papal States, the Popes were monarchs and, as such, equals of all other monarchs. Their position was, however, even then anomalous, as their influence and the privileges granted to them by the different States were due, not alone to their being monarchs of a State, but to their being the head of the Roman Catholic Church. But this anomaly did not create any real difficulty, since the privileges granted to the Popes existed within the province of precedence only.