[Footnote 190: See Treaty Series, 1900, No. 9.]
[Footnote 191: History, however, reports several cases where recognition was withheld for a long time. Thus the title "Emperor of Russia," assumed by Peter the Great in 1701, was not recognised by France till 1745, by Spain till 1759, nor by Poland till 1764. And the Pope did not recognise the kingly title of Prussia, assumed in 1701, till 1786.]
With the titles of the heads of States are connected predicates. Emperors and Kings have the predicate "Majesty," Grand Dukes "Royal Highness," Dukes "Highness," other monarchs "Serene Highness." The Pope is addressed as "Holiness" (_Sanctitas_). Not to be confounded with these predicates, which are recognised by the Law of Nations, are predicates which originally were bestowed on monarchs by the Pope and which have no importance for the Law of Nations. Thus the Kings of France called themselves _Rex Christianissimus_ or "First-born Son of the Church," the Kings of Spain have called themselves since 1496 _Rex Catholicus_, the Kings of England since 1521 _Defensor Fidei_, the Kings of Portugal since 1748 _Rex Fidelissimus_, the Kings of Hungary since 1758 _Rex Apostolicus_.
Vattel, II. §§ 35-48--Lawrence, § 120--Phillimore, II. §§ 27-43--Halleck, I. pp. 124-142--Taylor, § 162--Wheaton, § 160--Bluntschli, §§ 82-83--Hartmann, § 15--Heffter, §§ 32, 102, 103--Holtzendorff in Holtzendorff, II. pp. 64-69--Ullmann, § 38--Bonfils, Nos. 279-284--Despagnet, Nos. 184-186--Moore, I. pp. 310-320--Pradier-Fodéré, II. Nos. 451-483--Rivier, I. pp. 260-262--Nys, II. pp. 212-214--Calvo, III. §§ 1300-1302--Fiore, I. Nos. 439-451--Martens, I. § 78.
§ 120. The majority of text-book writers maintain that there is a fundamental right of reputation and of good name belonging to every State. Such a right, however, does not exist, because no duty corresponding to it can be traced within the Law of Nations. Indeed, the reputation of a State depends just as much upon behaviour as that of every citizen within its boundaries. A State which has a corrupt government and behaves unfairly and perfidiously in its intercourse with other States will be looked down upon and despised, whereas a State which has an uncorrupt government and behaves fairly and justly in its international dealings will be highly esteemed. No law can give a good name and reputation to a rogue, and the Law of Nations does not and cannot give a right to reputation and good name to such a State as has not acquired them through its attitude. There are some States--_nomina sunt odiosa!_--which indeed justly possess a bad reputation.