[Footnote 192: According to the Criminal Law of England, "every one is guilty of a misdemeanour who publishes any libel tending to degrade, revile, or expose to hatred and contempt any foreign prince or potentate, ambassador or other foreign dignitary, with the intent to disturb peace and friendship between the United Kingdom and the country to which any such person belongs." See Stephen, "A Digest of the Criminal Law," article 91.]
§ 122. Connected with the dignity of States are the maritime ceremonials between vessels and between vessels and forts which belong to different States. In former times discord and jealousy existed between the States regarding such ceremonials, since they were looked upon as means of keeping up the superiority of one State over another. Nowadays, so far as the Open Sea is concerned, they are considered as mere acts of courtesy recognising the dignity of States. They are the outcome of international usages, and not of International Law, in honour of the national flags. They are carried out by dipping flags or striking sails or firing guns.[193] But so far as the territorial maritime belt is concerned, littoral States can make laws concerning maritime ceremonials to be observed by foreign merchantmen.[194]
[Footnote 193: See Halleck, I. pp. 124-142, where the matter is treated with all details. See also below, § 257.]
INDEPENDENCE AND TERRITORIAL AND PERSONAL SUPREMACY
Vattel, I. Préliminaires, §§ 15-17--Hall, § 10--Westlake, I. pp. 308-312--Lawrence, §§ 58-61--Phillimore, I. §§ 144-149--Twiss, I. § 20--Halleck, I. pp. 93-113--Taylor, § 160--Wheaton, §§ 72-75--Bluntschli, §§ 64-69--Hartmann, § 15--Heffter, §§ 29 and 31--Holtzendorff in Holtzendorff, II. pp. 36-60--Gareis, §§ 25-26--Ullmann, § 38--Bonfils, Nos. 253-271--Despagnet, Nos. 187-189--Mérignhac, I. pp. 233-383--Pradier-Fodéré, I. Nos. 287-332--Rivier, I. § 21--Nys, II. pp. 182-184--Calvo, I. §§ 107-109--Fiore, I. Nos. 372-427, and Code, Nos. 180-387--Martens, I. §§ 74 and 75--Westlake, Chapters, pp. 86-106.
[Sidenote: Independence and Territorial as well as Personal Supremacy as Aspects of Sovereignty.]
§ 123. Sovereignty as supreme authority, which is independent of any other earthly authority, may be said to have different aspects. As excluding dependence from any other authority, and in especial from the authority of another State, sovereignty is _independence_. It is _external_ independence with regard to the liberty of action outside its borders in the intercourse with other States which a State enjoys. It is _internal_ independence with regard to the liberty of action of a State inside its borders. As comprising the power of a State to exercise supreme authority over all persons and things within its territory, sovereignty is _territorial_ supremacy. As comprising the power of a State to exercise supreme authority over its citizens at home and abroad, sovereignty is _personal_ supremacy.