J. J. AMPÈRE, FRIEDRICH BLUHME, GEORGE W. BOTSFORD, A. BOUCHE-LECLERCQ, KURT BREYSIG, R. W. BROWN, R. BURN, DION CHRYSOSTOM, JACQUES FRANÇOIS DENIS, JEAN VICTOR DURUY, T. H. DYER, EPICTETUS, A. ESMEIN, E. A. FREEMAN, G. C. FISKE, GABRIEL H. GAILLARD, OLIVER GOLDSMITH, ALBERT GUELDENPENNING, OSCAR JÄGER, JULIAN, THOMAS KEIGHTLEY, GEORGE LONG, J. N. MADVIG,
MARCUS AURELIUS, VALERIUS MAXIMUS, ARTHUR MURPHY, PHILON, S. REINHARDT, J. ERNEST RENAN, JOHANN HEINRICH KARL FRIEDRICH HERMANN SCHILLER, K. W. F. VON SCHLEGEL, F. C. SCHLOSSER, ALBERT SCHWEGLER, L. ANNÆUS SENECA, M. ANNÆUS SENECA, J. Y. SHEPPARD, JAMES SIME, H. W. STÖLL, H. TAINE, AMÉDÉE THIERRY, VIRGIL, L. WIEGANDT, EDUARD VOX WIETERSHEIM, H. S. WILLIAMS, R. H. WRIGHTSON, XIPHILINUS, K. S. ZACHARIÆ VON LINGENTHAL
Professor of Ancient History in the University of Berlin.
It might have been supposed that with the death of Alexander the political connection between the eastern and western halves of the Mediterranean, which had subsisted throughout the whole course of Greek history, was severed except for such occasional and superficial points of contact as, in the nature of things, had never been wholly lacking. As a matter of fact, the West was left to its own devices. But it presently became evident that the development which there took place, untroubled by interference from without, was fraught with consequences of the utmost moment to the Hellenistic political system. By abstaining from peremptory interference while such interference was yet possible, the Macedonian kingdoms permitted a power to arise in Italy so strong that in a very short time it proceeded to aim a fatal blow at their own existence.
This new power did not take its rise among those who had hitherto been the most formidable foes of Greece--the Sabello-Oscan tribes, whom Plato dreaded. These last were a race of warlike mountaineers living under a free system of tribal government, something like the Swiss of the later Middle Ages, except that cavalry, as well as infantry, played an important part in their armies. Like the Swiss, they strove to extend their borders on every side beyond the narrow limits of their native land. But they lacked what the Swiss of the Four Cantons gained by their league with Berne and Zurich--a steady political aim; tribe jostled tribe, the remoter endeavouring to wrest from the nearer what the latter had won. Thus, though they might subjugate cities of Greece, they were incapable of creating a great homogeneous state. The Caraceni, Pentri, Caudini, and Hirpini, the four tribes of the mountain tract about the sources of the Volturnus and its tributaries, were the only ones which constituted a compact federation. After the middle of the fourth century these tribes began to press forward in every direction, against the Apulians to the east, the Lucanians to the south, the Campanians, Sidicinians, and Volscians to the west. But there they were confronted by a power which was destined to prove greater than they.