Fat storage-inducing transmembrane protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FITM2 gene. It plays a role in fat storage. Its location is 20q13.12 and it contains 2 exons. It is also a member of the FIT protein family that has been conserved throughout evolution. Conserved from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to humans is the capability to take fat and store it as cytoplasmic triglyceride droplets. While FIT proteins facilitate the segregation of triglycerides (TGs) into cytosolic lipid droplets, they are not involved in triglyceride biosynthesis. In mammals, both FIT2 and FIT1 from the same family are present, embedded in the wall of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where they regulate lipid droplet formation in the cytosol. In S. cerevisiae, it also plays a role in the metabolism of phospholipids. These TGs are in the cytoplasm, encapsulated by a phospholipid monolayer in configurations or organelles that have been given many different names including lipid particles, oil bodies, adiposomes, eicosasomes, and most prevalent in scientific research – lipid droplets.
FIT protein family
FITM2 one of two genes in its family. The other being FITM1 also known as FIT1 in which it shares 35% identity with. However, FITM1 and FITM2 have a similarity score of 50% at the amino acid level. Of the two protein coding genes, FITM2 is the ancient orthologue of this family of FIT proteins with orthologues also found in S.cerevisiae. FITM1 is also found in humans but is conserved from fish. FITM1 is not seen in adipose tissue or adipocytes but it is however, displayed mostly in muscles both skeletal and cardiac in nature. FITM2 is seen most frequently and in increased expression in adipose tissue. It is controlled by receptor γ (peroxisome proliferator activated) directly. This receptor γ is the principal transcription factor for the differentiation of adipocytes.
Lipid droplets (LDs) Cytosolic lipid droplets are organelles that are composed of a core that is hydrophobic in nature containing neutral lipids (like triglycerides) as well as cholesteryl esters that have a phospholipid monolayer in addition to a distinctive set of expressed proteins that surrounds them. The most generally accepted view on the creation of lipid droplets is that the neutral lipids build up between the ER leaflets due to de novo synthesizing enzymes for both triglyceride phospholipids and cholesteryl esters. This leads to the budding lipid droplets growing into the cytoplasm space. There are two different groups of lipid droplets that are known: the first is characterized by its phospholipid leaflet in continuity with the membrane of the ER and the second is classified as definitively cytosolic without a connection to the ER.
Structure
A generally acknowledged model of the creation of a lipid droplet includes the construction of a center or lens of TGs that are produced new. This TG center is flanked by the leaflets of the membrane in the ER that sprouts off with the leaflet in the cytoplasm of the ER that surrounds the core of the lipid (neutral). It is then able to obtain interchangeable proteins that are associated with lipid droplets in the cytosol.
Studies done have suggested that FITM2 works downstream of diglyceride acyltransferase (DGAT) enzymes and binds to TGs, which is crucial for a cell’s FITM2 facilitated lipid droplet formation after being purified. When looking at the most recent view of lipid droplet formation as described above where a TG lens is established between ER leaflets, FITM2’s capacity to bind TG may aid in the increase of TG’s solubility in the ER. This can then instigate the gathering of amounts of TG necessary to mediate the progression of lipid droplet formation. Consequently, FITM2 has been referred to as a “gatekeeper” because it is situated downstream of TG biosynthesis and controls the number of lipid droplets formed.
In mammals, FITM2 protein is made up of 262 amino acids (while FIT1 part of the same family is 292 amino acids long) and has six transmembrane domains in which the N and C termini are both geared to face the cytosol. When FITM2 has a mutation in its fourth transmembrane domain that happens to be a gain-of-function one, is found overexpressed in cells, it has unfailingly caused the buildup of TG rich lipid droplets. This mutation has been described as having a significant effect on increasing both the amount and size and lipid droplets. A comparative sequence analysis of FITM2 showed a tract of residues that were deemed as extensively conserved located in this transmembrane 4 that was later named the “FIT signature sequence”.