11. The Lübeck courant (or Hamburg courant, as described above), the mark of fine silver = 11-1/3 thaler, or 34 marks.
12. Hamburg banco, the system of reckoning of the Hamburg Bank. From 1790 the bank reckoned the mark of fine silver = 9-5/24 thaler-banco, or 27-5/8 mark-banco. The issue rate was, however, 9-1/4 thaler, or 27-3/4 mark-banco, the slight premium simply covering the expenses of the bank. In 1846 this difference was abolished, the mark of fine silver both for receipt and disbursement being reckoned at 27-3/4 marks (27 marks 12 schillings). The Hamburg banco was, therefore, appreciated above the Hamburg courant by a matter of 22.5225 per cent.
13. The Schleswig-Holstein courant, mark of fine silver = 11-9/16 thaler, or 34-11/16 marks.
1. Imperial or ducat standard. The Imperial Mint Ordinance of 1559 contains the first mention of the ducat in German legislation, prescribing it 67 to the mark, 23-1/2-carat fine. Subsequently the standard varied slightly. Austria minted them 23 carat 8 grs. for herself (_kaiserlichen_), at 23 carat 9 grs. for Hungary (_kremnitzer_). The other German states approximated between a 23-carat 6 grs. and a 23-carat 8 grs. standard. Baden struck ducats 22 carat 6 grs. fine, 63.697 to the mark.
2. The _Pistole_ standard (_Friedrichs d'or_, _August d'or_, _Wilhelms d'or_, _Carls d'or_, or generally, _Louis d'or_), mostly in the Northern States of Denmark, mostly 35-1/6 to the mark, 21-1/2 carats fine, though with considerable variations (e.g. the Saxon _august d'or_, 35 to the mark, 21 carats 8 grs. fine. In Bremen this was the legal currency, the _louis d'or_ being taken at 5 thalers at 72 groot, each groot at 5 schwaren). For a considerable period, far into the present century, the merchants of Mecklenburg, Hanover, and Brunswick kept their accounts in gold pistoles (= 5 thalers). Prussia (as above, p. 382) fixed the pistole at 5-2/3 thalers, but elsewhere it had a varying (mercantile) equivalence.
3. The gold gulden standard. The last of the three Imperial Mint Ordinances (1559) prescribed gold gulden 72 to the mark, 18-1/2 carat fine. They continued to be coined in Southern German states and in Hanover up to the middle of the eighteenth century.