[162] Cod. Theod., _loc. cit._; Philostorgius, ii, 17.
[163] _Ibid._, IX, xliv; Institut., i, 8. On proof the master could be compelled to sell the slave on the chance of his acquiring more congenial service, but the privilege was often abused.
[166] _Ibid._, 53; Vitruvius, v, 11, etc.
[167] Cod., VIII, x, 12. A Greek Constitution of Zeno of considerable length, and uniquely instructive on some points. These οἰκήματα were limited to six feet of length and seven of height.
[168] Novel cxxxvi; Plato, Apol., 17, etc.
[169] Whence called _emboliariae_ (ἰμβολος being Byzantine for portico). So say Alemannus _ad_ Procop. (Hist. Arcan., p. 381) and his copyist Byzantios (_op. cit._, i, p. 113), but Pliny seems to use the word for an actress in interludes (H. N., vii, 49), an occupation not, however, very different.
[170] Theophanes, Cont., p. 417. In the severe winter of 933, Romanus Lecapenus blocked the interspaces and fitted them with windows and doors.
[171] They are, in fact, called the “narrows” in the Greek στενωποί.
[173] Texier and Pullan, _op. cit._, p. 4; Agincourt, Hist. of Art, i, pl. 25. Mica or talc (_lapis specularis_) was commonly used at Rome for windows (Pliny, H. N., xxxvi, 45). Gibbon rather carelessly says that Firmus (_c._ 272) had glass windows; they were vitreous squares for wall decoration (Hist. August., _sb._ Firmo). Half a century later Lactantius is clear enough—“fenestras lucente vitro aut speculari lapide obductas” (De Opif. Dei, 8). Pliny tells us that clear glass was most expensive, and, six centuries later, Isidore of Seville makes the same remark (Hist. Nat., xxxvi, 67; Etymologies, xvi, 16).
[174] The climate of the East requires that windows shall generally be kept open; even shutters are often dispensed with.
[175] See Cod. Theod., XV, i, De Op. Pub., _passim_. This legislation was initiated by Leo Thrax, probably after the great fire of 469 (Jn. Malala; Chron. Pasch., etc.).
[179] A century earlier there were 322 according to the Notitia.
[181] We know little of the _insulae_ or συνοικίαι of CP., but we can conceive of no other kind of private house requiring such an elevation. Besides, _insulae_ are the subject of an argument in Cod., VIII, xxxviii, 15 (enacted at CP. about this time).