III. _Treaties of Guarantee and of Protection_
574. Conception and Objects of Guarantee Treaties 599 575. Effect of Treaties of Guarantee 600 576. Effect of Collective Guarantee 601 576_a_. Pseudo-Guarantees 602 577. Treaties of Protection 604
578. Commercial Treaties in General 605 579. Meaning of Coasting-trade in Commercial Treaties 606 580. Meaning of Most-favoured-nation Clause 610
V. _Unions Concerning Common Non-Political Interests_
581. Object of the Unions 612 582. Post and Telegraphs 613 583. Transport and Communication 614 584. Copyright 615 585. Commerce and Industry 616 586. Agriculture 617 587. Welfare of Working Classes 618 588. Weights, Measures, Coinage 619 589. Official Publications 620 590. Sanitation 620 591. Pharmacopoeia 622 592. Humanity 622 593. Preservation of Animal World 623 594. Private International Law 623 595. American Republics 624 596. Science 625
FOUNDATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAW OF NATIONS
Hall, pp. 14-16--Maine, pp. 50-53--Lawrence, §§ 1-3, and Essays, pp. 1-36--Phillimore, I. §§ 1-12--Twiss, I. §§ 104-5--Taylor, § 2--Moore, I. §§ 1-2--Westlake, I. pp. 1-13--Walker, History, I. §§ 1-8--Halleck, I. pp. 46-55--Ullmann, §§ 2-4--Heffter, §§ 1-5--Holtzendorff in Holtzendorff, I. pp. 19-26--Nys, I. pp. 133-43--Rivier, I. § 1--Bonfils, Nos. 26-31--Pradier-Fodéré, I. Nos. 1-24--Mérignhac, I. pp. 5-28--Martens, I. §§ 1-5--Fiore, I. Nos. 186-208, and Code, Nos. 1-26--Higgins, "The Binding Force of International Law" (1910)--Pollock in _The Law Quarterly Review_, XVIII. (1902), pp. 418-428--Scott in A.J. I. (1907), pp. 831-865--Willoughby and Root in A.J. II. (1908), pp. 357-365 and 451-457.
[Sidenote: Conception of the Law of Nations.]
§ 1. Law of Nations or International Law (_Droit des gens_, _Völkerrecht_) is the name for the body of customary and conventional rules which are considered legally[1] binding by civilised States in their intercourse with each other. Such part of these rules as is binding upon all the civilised States without exception is called _universal_ International Law,[2] in contradistinction to _particular_ International Law, which is binding on two or a few States only. But it is also necessary to distinguish _general_ International Law. This name must be given to the body of such rules as are binding upon a great many States, including leading Powers. General International Law, as, for instance, the Declaration of Paris of 1856, has a tendency to become universal International Law.