(Spanish for Like a wave of strength and light) is a composition for soprano, piano, orchestra, and magnetic tape by Italian composer Luigi Nono. It was composed between 1971 and 1972 and was Nono's first attempt at giving the piano a leading role in a composition.
Composition
Luigi Nono's political allegiance was present throughout much of his artistic production. A member of the Italian Communist Party since 1952, he took part in practical political and cultural work all throughout the 60s and 70s. This commitment and a collaboration with pianist Maurizio Pollini and conductor Claudio Abbado led to the composition of this piece. Even though Nono had known Pollini since September, 1966 and Nono was already a household name in avant-garde classical music, it was not until September 1971 that he would start working with Pollini on his first composition for piano, because Nono thought Pollini's piano skills and musicality to be "very fascinating". Some time after starting the project, he learned about the accidental death of Chilean left activist Luciano Cruz, one of the young leaders of the Movement of the Revolutionary Left. Nono had come to know Cruz in Santiago de Chile in June of that year and built a strong friendship with him. For this reason, Nono decided to expand the first draft of the composition and added a soprano voice with some of the lines of a poem by Argentine poet .
This composition was finished in 1972 and premiered at the Teatro alla Scala in Milan on June 28, 1972. Claudio Abbado conducted the La Scala Theatre Orchestra, with Maurizio Pollini at the piano and as the soprano. The original tape for the composition was realized months before at the , with sound technician Maurizio Zuccheri under the Nono's supervision and direction. The score was published that year in facsimile by Ricordi. It was dedicated to "" (Spanish for "That Luciano Cruz may live").
Structure
is a composition in one movement, even though Nono specified at least two sung segments in the score. The composition should have a duration of exactly 30 minutes and 5 seconds, since the orchestra is supposed to follow the indications and the timing in the tape. It has often been described as a secular requiem or as an epitaph (even by Nono himself). However, Nono rejected the notion of it being a triple concerto for soprano, piano, and tape.
The composition is scored for four flutes, four piccolos, four oboes, four clarinets, two bass clarinets, four bassoons, two contrabassoons, six horns, four trumpets, three trombones, two contrabass trombones, one tuba, two percussionists playing the timpani, two more playing the bass drum, and two more playing the tam-tam; a harp, amplified by a contact microphone placed on the soundboard, the loud speaker located near the harp; a solo piano, amplified from the 23-minute-and-38-second mark by a microphone placed under the piano, the loudspeaker placed separate from the piano; a soprano, a large string section consisting of twelve first violins, twelve second violins, twelve violas, twelve violoncelli, twelve doublebasses, and a four-channel tape machine, located halfway down, or almost at the back, of the hall.
Since some instruments are meant to be amplified, up to five loudspeakers are needed, with at least 100 watts each, placed behind the orchestra in a rainbow shape. Four of them are situated from left to right at an equal distance, except for speakers two and three. The piano loudspeaker is placed in the center.
The piece has a steady tempo in at ♩ = 60, meaning each bar lasts five seconds. Even though the movement separation is not clear, Nono left some specifications in the original score. The composition starts with a small introduction by the winds, the tape and the violins, which fades out after the two minute mark. The first numbered section starts at 2:30, marked and features the soprano singing "Luciano" with the tape. The second numbered section starts at 4:15, marked , and with the incipit "" (Spanish for "In the hazardous winds of this country"). This section also features the soprano and the tape only, and ends at 6:30 with the piano entry, marked "" in the score.