5. No space should be left between superior letters, or letters indicating powers, and inferior figures or letters; or between letters forming products.
6. No space should be left between the abbreviations A.D. and B.C., A.M. and P.M., between titles, such as _LL.D._, _Ph.D._, etc., or between the abbreviations of States, such { 60} as _N.Y._, _R.I._, _N.H._, etc., except in a wide-spaced line.
7. Scripture references should be spaced as follows: _II Sam. 1 : 2–6; 2 : 8–12._
8. No space should be left between the symbols $ and £ and the succeeding figures.
9. An indention of one or more ems should be allowed at the end of the last line of a paragraph.
10. The same space should be left on each side of short words, such as _a_, _an_, etc.
11. It is poor typography to thin-space or wide-space a line in order to avoid a turn-over.
12. Beginning and ending a line with the same word in wide measure should be avoided, but not at the expense of good spacing.
13. The kerned letters _f_ and _j_ require a hair-space before them when they begin a line. When kerned letters end a line a hair-space is necessary after them to prevent breaking off in printing.
14. Should wide spacing be necessary, it should occur where it will be least noticed; viz., between words ending or beginning with tall letters.
15. This is an en dash: – This is an em dash: — This is a 2 em dash: —— This is a 3 em dash: ———
16. This line is hair-spaced. This line is spaced with 5-em spaces. This line is spaced with 4-em spaces. This line is spaced with 3-em spaces. This line is spaced with en quads. This line is spaced with em quads.
The first italic types were designed and used by Aldus Manutius, the celebrated Italian printer, of the fifteenth century. It is said that the style was suggested by the handwriting of Petrarch. In the first fonts only the lower case letters were italic, the capitals being roman; but this irregularity soon gave way to the more regular style of italic capitals and lower case.
1. Italic is not used for the text of a book, but it is permissible for the preface, extracts, etc.
2. For poetry and other matter of a literary character italic has a decorative effect.
3. Italic is used for emphasis in roman composition and vice versa.