In the study of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, Ruelle derived explicit formulae for entropy production of smooth dynamical systems. The vanishing or strict positivity of entropy production is determined by the { \it entropy formula of folding type} \[h_{ \mu}(f)= F_{ \mu}(f)-\displaystyle\int\sum\nolimits_{ \lambda_i(x)<0} \lambda_i(x)d\mu(x), \] which relates the metric entropy, folding entropy and negative Lyapunov exponents. This paper establishes the formula for all inverse SRB measures of $C^{ 1+\alpha}$ maps, including those with degeneracy (i.e., zero Jacobian). More specifically, we establish the equivalence that $\mu$ is an inverse SRB measure if and only if the folding-type entropy formula holds and the Jacobian series is integrable. To overcome the degeneracy, we develop Pesin theory for general $C^{ 1+\alpha}$ maps.
Categories: math.DS math-ph math.MP