AUTHORITIES.--The first Asiatic notice of Korea is by Khordadbeh, an Arab geographer of the 9th century A.D., in his _Book of Roads and Provinces_, quoted by Baron Richthofen in his great work on _China_, p. 575. The earliest European source of information is a narrative by H. Hamel, a Dutchman, who was shipwrecked on the coast of Quelpart in 1654, and held in captivity in Korea for thirteen years. The amount of papers on Korea scattered through English, German, French and Russian magazines, and the proceedings of geographical societies, is very great, and for the last three centuries Japanese writers have contributed largely to the sum of general knowledge of the peninsula. The list which follows includes some of the more recent works which illustrate the history, manners and customs, and awakening of Korea: _British Foreign Office Reports on Korean Trade, Annual Series_ (London); _Bibliographie koréanne_ (3 vols., Paris, 1897); Mrs. I. L. Bishop, _Korea and her Neighbours_ (2 vols., London, 1897); M. von Brandt, _Ostasiatische Fragen_ (Leipzig, 1897); A. E. J. Cavendish and H. E. Goold Adams, _Korea, and the Sacred White Mountain_ (London, 1894); Stewart Culin, _Korean Games_ (Philadelphia, 1895); Curzon, _Problems of the Far East_ (London, 1896); Dallet, _Histoire de l'église de Korée_ (2 vols., Paris, 1874); J. S. Gale, _Korean Sketches_ (Edinburgh, 1898); W. E. Griffis, _The Hermit Nation_ (8th and revised edition, New York, 1907); H. Hamel, _Relation du naufrage d'un vaisseau Halindois, &c., traduite du Flamond par M. Minutoli_ (Paris, 1670); Okoji Hidemoto, _Der Feldzug der Japanir gegen Korea im Jahre 1597; translated from Japanese by Professor von Pfizmaier_ (2 vols., Vienna, 1875); M. Jametel, "La Korée: ses ressources, son avenir commercial," _L'Économiste française_ (Paris, July 1881); Percival Lowell, _Chosön: The Land of the Morning Calm_ (London, Boston, 1886); L. J. Miln, _Quaint Korea_ (Harper, New York, 1895); V. de Laguerie, _La Korée indépendante, russe ou japonaise?_ (Paris, 1898); J. Ross, _Korea: Its History, Manners and Customs_ (Paisley, 1880); W. H. Wilkinson, _The Korean Government: Constitutional Changes in Korea during the period 23rd July 1894--30th June 1896_ (Shanghai, 1896); A. Hamilton, _Korea_ (London, 1903); C. J. D. Taylor, _Koreans at Home_ (London, 1904); E. Boudaret, _En Corée_ (Paris, 1904); Laurent-Crémazy, _Le Code pénal de la Corée_ (Paris, 1904); G. T. Ladd, _In Korea with Marquis Ito_ (London, 1908); Dictionaries and vocabularies by W. F. Myers (English secretary of Legation at Peking), the French missionaries, and others, were superseded in 1898 by a large and learned volume by the Rev J. S. Gale, a Presbyterian missionary, who devoted some years to the work. On geology, see C. Gottsche, "Geologische Skizze von Korea," _Sitz. preuss. Akad. Wiss._ (Berlin, Jahrg. 1886, pp. 857-873, Pl. viii.). A summary of this paper, with a reproduction of the map, is given by L. Pervinquière in _Rev. sci._ Paris, 5th series, vol. i. (1904), pp. 545-552. (I. L. B.; O. J. R. H.)