[1] W.W. Rouse Ball in his _History of the Study of Mathematics at Cambridge_ (1889), p. 193, states that he can find no record of any European examinations by means of written papers earlier than those introduced by R. Bentley at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1702.
[2] It should be mentioned that the professors of chemistry of a number of German, Austrian and Swiss universities, have, by agreement, instituted an intermediate examination in that subject which students are required to pass before beginning work on the doctoral thesis. The examination of the students is conducted by the teachers concerned.
[3] See E.E. Brown in _Monographs on Education in the United States_ (ed. by N.M. Butler, 1900, i. 164), and T. Gregory Foster and H.R. Reichel, _Report of Mosely Educational Commission_ (1904), pp. 117-119 and 288-289.
[4] The Oxford commissioners of 1852 reported that "the examinations have become the chief instruments not only for testing the proficiency of the students but also for stimulating and directing the studies of the place" (_Report_, p. 61).
EXARCH ([Greek: exarchos], a chief person or leader), a title that has been conferred at different periods on certain chief officers or governors, both in secular and ecclesiastical matters. Of these, the most important were the exarchs of Ravenna (q.v.). In the ecclesiastical organization the exarch of a _diocese_ (the word being here used of the political division) was in the 4th and 5th centuries the same as primate. This dignity was intermediate between the patriarchal and the metropolitan, the name patriarch being restricted after A.D. 451 to the chief bishops of the most important cities (see PATRIARCH). The title of Exarch was also formerly given in the Eastern Church to a general or superior over several monasteries, and to certain ecclesiastics deputed by the patriarch of Constantinople to collect the tribute payable by the Church to the Turkish government. In the modern Greek Church an exarch is a deputy, or legate _a latere_, of the patriarch, whose office it is to visit the clergy and churches in the provinces allotted to him. The title of exarch has been borne by the head of the Bulgarian Church (see BULGARIA), since in 1872 it repudiated the jurisdiction of the Greek patriarch of Constantinople. Hence the names of the politico-religious parties in the recent history of the Near East: "Exarchists" and "Patriarchists."