What Metals are—Characteristics and General Properties of Metals—Classification—Specific Gravity—Descriptions 386
CHAPTER XXXI.—MINERALOGY AND CRYSTALLOGRAPHY.
The Minerals—Characteristics—Crystals and their Forms—Descriptions of Minerals 424
CHAPTER XXXII.—NEW LOCOMOTIVE APPLIANCES.
The Kite—The Aerophane—Ice Yachts—Sailing Trucks—Water Velocipedes 448
Introductory—History of Astronomy—Nomenclature 466
CHAPTER XXXIV.—ANGLES AND MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES.
The Quadrant—Transit Instrument—Clocks—Stellar Time—Solar Time—“Mean Time” 474
Gravitation—The Planets—Size and Measurement of the Planets—Satellites—Falling Stars—Comets—Aerolites 486
Motion of the Sun—The Seasons—Character of the Sun—Sun-Spots—Zodiacal Light 496
Form of the Earth—Motion of the Globe—Rate and Manner of Progression—Latitude and Longitude—The Seasons 504
What is it Like?—Moon Superstitions—Description of the Moon—Phases—Tides—Eclipses 510
Fixed-Stars—Magnitude of the Stars—Constellations—Descriptions of the Zodiacal Constellations—Northern and Southern Star Groups—Distance of Stars 535
Double and Multiple Stars—Coloured and Variable Stars—Clusters, Groups, and Nebulæ—The Galaxy, or Milky Way—How to Find out the Principal Stars 546
CHAPTER XLII.—NEW ASTRONOMICAL APPLIANCES.
A Celestial Indicator—Astronomical or Cosmographical Clock—A Simple Globe—A Solar Chronometer 557
CHAPTER XLIII.—PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY.
Geography and Geology—The Earth’s Crust—Origin of the Earth—Denudation and Excavation by Water—Rocks, Gravel, and Sand—Classes of Rocks 564
Crust of the Earth—Geological Systems—Eozoic, Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Pre-Historic Formations 573
The Mesozoic System—The Triassic, Oolitic, and Cretaceous Formations—The Eocene, Miocene, and Pliocene—The Glacial Period—Pre-Historic Man 584
Igneous Rocks—Land and Water—Springs, Wells, and Geysers—Snow and Ice—Their Effects 601
The Sea—Salt Water—Waves and their Effects—Under Water—The Floor of the Ocean 610
CHAPTER XLVIII.—PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. METEOROLOGY.
The Atmosphere—Winds and Air Currents—Wind Pressure—Storms—Rain–clouds— Water-Spouts—Atmospherical Phenomena 628
CHAPTER XLIX.—PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. METEOROLOGY (_Continued_).
Atmospheric Phenomena—Thunder and Lightning—Aurora Borealis—The Rainbow—Mock-Suns and Mock-Moons—Halos—Fata Morgana—Reflection and Refraction—Mirage—Spectre of the Brocken 642