"How, then, shall we distinguish a mushroom from a toadstool?"
There is no way of distinguishing them, for they are the same.
"How, then, shall we know a poisonous toadstool from a harmless one?" the reader hopelessly exclaims.
This discrimination is by no means as difficult as is popularly supposed, but in the first place, the student must entirely rid himself of all preconceived notions and traditions, such as the following almost world-wide "tests," many of which are easily demonstrated to be worse than worthless, and have doubtless frequently led to an untimely funeral. Some of these are merely local, and in widely separated districts are supplanted by others equally arbitrary and absurd, while many of them are as old as history.
WORTHLESS TRADITIONAL TESTS FOR THE DISCRIMINATION OF POISONOUS AND EDIBLE MUSHROOMS
1. Pleasant taste and odor. 2. Peeling of the skin of the cap from rim to centre. 3. Pink gills, turning brown in older specimens. 4. The stem easily pulled out of the cap and inserted in it like a parasol handle. 5. Solid stems. 6. Must be gathered in the morning. 7. "Any fungus having a pleasant taste and odor, being found similarly agreeable after being plainly broiled without the least seasoning, is perfectly safe."
8. Boiling with a "silver spoon," the staining of the silver indicating danger. 9. Change of color in the fracture of the fresh mushroom. 10. Slimy or sticky on the top. 11. Having the stems at their sides. 12. Growing in clusters. 13. Found in dark, damp places. 14. Growing on wood, decayed logs, or stumps. 15. Growing on or near manure. 16. Having bright colors. 17. Containing milky juice. 18. Having the gill plates of even length. 19. Melting into black fluid. 20. Biting the tongue or having a bitter or nauseating taste. 21. Changing color by immersion in salt-water, or upon being dusted with salt.
These present but a selection of the more prevalent notions. Taken _in toto_, they would prove entirely safe, as they would practically exclude every species of mushroom or toadstool that grows. But as a rule the village oracle bases his infallibility upon two or three of the above "rules," and inasmuch as the entire list absolutely _omits_ the _only_ one test by which danger is to be avoided, it is a seven-days' wonder that the grewsome toadstool epitaph is not more frequent.