inúm [15] /ʔinúm/ ‘drink’ + (←) = ínum /ʔī́num/ ‘drink heavily’ búnal /búnal/ ‘beat’ + (→) = bunal /bunál/ ‘club’
When a suffix is added to a root with a stressed final syllable, the tendency is to drop the vowel of the final syllable of the root:
dakup /dakúp/ arrest + -an = dakpan /dákpan/ be arrested pisik /pisík/ splash + -an = piskan /pískan/ be splashed lakat /lakát/ go + -unun = laktunun /laktunún/ errand
This occasionally also happens to roots with stressed penults:
kalímut /kalímut/ forget + -i = kalimti /kalímti/ forget it
5.13 Adding of /h/ or /ʔ/ to roots ending in a vowel when a suffix is added
Some roots which end in a vowel add /ʔ/ before a suffix, some roots add /h/, other roots add either /ʔ/ or /h/ (depending on which suffix):
bása /bása/ read + -un = basáhun /basáhun/ be read adtu /ʔádtu/ go + -un = adtúun /ʔadtū́ʔun/ gone to get kabaláka /kabaláka/ worry + -an = kabalak-an /kabalákʔan/ s.t. to worry about (with the vowel of the final syllable of the root dropped—5.12). sulti /súlti/ talk + -un = sultíhun /sultī́hun/ talk it out sulti /súlti/ talk + -ánay = sultiánay /sultiʔā́nay/ conversation
In affixed forms, the sequences /ʔC/ and /hC/ (where C is any consonant) almost always become /Cʔ/ and /Ch/: [16]
káun /káʔun/ eat + -a = kan-a /kánʔa/ eat it (with the final syllable of the root dropped). luhud /luhúd/ kneel + -an = ludhan /lúdhan/ kneel on (with the vowel of the final syllable of the root dropped).
The sequences /ʔVh/ usually becomes /hVʔ/ (where V is a vowel):
túu /túʔu/ believe + -an = tuhúan /tuhū́ʔan/ believable (where /h/ is intercalated by the rule of 5.13).
Sequences of a liquid or /s/ plus a consonant tend to be metathesized when a suffix is added if the vowel of the final syllable of the root is dropped.
ngálan /ŋálan/ name + -an = nganlan /ŋánlan/ be named sulud /sulúd/ enter + -un = sudlun /súdlun/ enter it inum /ʔinúm/ drink + -a = imna /ʔímna/ drink it putus /putús/ wrap + -un = pustun /pústun/ wrap it lusut /lusút/ go through + -an = lutsan /lū́can/ go through it
These alternations also manifest themselves in competing root forms: alhu /ʔálhu/ and hal-u /halʔu/ ‘pestle’; kalamunggay and kamalunggay ‘k.o. tree’.
Intervocalically, /d/ usually becomes /r/ or, less frequently, /l/: