The final reserve of the German and Austrian armies. It can only be called out in times of emergency.
The country party in the Swedish Parliament. Originally it was composed almost entirely of landowners, but latterly the peasants have become the more powerful section of it.
The first reserve of the German and Austrian armies.
In old France the language of the southern provinces, from which the province of Languedoc took its name. In its modern form of Provencal it is little better than a _patois_, though there has been some attempt to revive it as a literary language during the nineteenth century.
The language of the northern provinces of France, and the parent of modern French. It contains a much larger admixture of Teutonic roots than the Langue d’Oc, though its grammatical form is Latin.
The Battle of Culloden, fought in 1746, is so called as being the last battle fought on British soil.
A sobriquet of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick (1428-1471).
A nickname of Maximilian, Emperor of Germany (1493-1519).
Henry Stuart, Cardinal York, the last male descendant of the Stuart Kings, was so called. He died in 1807.
Colas de Rienzi, who was chosen tribune by the citizens of Rome in 1347, was so called. He was also known as the “Last of the Romans.”
The Extremists or Robespierre Section of the Mountain, in the French Convention. Their denunciation by Danton and Camille Desmoulins led to the condemnation and execution of the Dantonists in April 1794.
A Council summoned by Calixtus II in 1123. It is notable as being the first Œcumenical Council whose decrees were issued in the name of the Pope, and not in that of the Council.
An Œcumenical Council summoned by Innocent II in 1139, at which the marriage of the priesthood was forbidden.
A Council summoned to meet in Rome by Innocent III, in 1215, to consider the most effectual means of suppressing heresy. It declared that any prince protecting heretics or permitting the dissemination of heretical doctrines in his dominions should be excommunicated. It further established the Inquisition, to deal with heretics individually.
An Œcumenical Council summoned by Julius II, in 1512, at which the acts of the Council of Pisa were condemned.
A confederation, for monetary purposes, of France, Italy, Switzerland and Belgium, formed in 1865. It provided for the establishment of a uniform and interchangeable coinage, on a bimetallic basis, for the countries concerned. Greece joined the union in 1868. Belgium left it in 1885.