DUBAI, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES – At COP28, the lower Mekong countries are seeking funds, including for loss and damage, to increase climate resilence and achieve net zero by 2050. But this assistance may come at a cost, and a quest to prove whether they are “vulnerable” or not. Since Thursday, delegates from Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam have actively participated in the climate summit and side events in Dubai to signify their commitment to cut emissions, and the need to secure climate funds. One of those instruments is the loss and damage fund, and nearly all the world’s nations agreed to kick off the fund on the first day of the climate summit. The fund aims to assist developing countries that are “particularly vulnerable” to the adverse effects of climate change, including extreme weather events and slow onset events. Globally, climate change led to a GDP loss of 6.3% in 2022. However, there is an unresolved question over which countries will be eligible for the fund, or how to identify which countries are vulnerable – and this will likely be at the center of negotiations throughout this week. The Global Climate Risk Index ranked Myanmar (2nd), Thailand (9th), Vietnam (13th) and Cambodia (14th) in the top 20 among 180 countries most suffering from extreme weather from 2000 to 2019. Many deadly disasters have been recorded in the region, including the 2008 Cyclone Nargis that killed more than 140,000 people in Myanmar and Thailand’s 2011 severe floods that affected 13.6 million people. Nithi Nesadurai, the Director and Regional Coordinator of the Climate Action Network Southeast Asia, suggested the whole region of lower Mekong countries should be eligible for the loss and damage fund. “The region has countries in the world’s top 10 countries faced with harsh climate impacts. If the fund’s criteria are to prove vulnerability, some data will prove it,” he said. Despite the high risk of facing climate change impacts, however, it’s uncertain if all the lower Mekong countries will be able to obtain the fund. Myanmar, which did not send delegates to the COP this year, needs financial resources the most due to its low capacity to cope with climate impacts. But the country has been sanctioned by the international community since the bloody 2021 coup. Thailand is also in a tough spot due to its advancing economy, which resulted in the slashing of foreign financial aid in the past two decades. But it has not yet become a rich nation with adequate resources to cover all climate losses. Thailand alone faced 146 climate abnormalities, leading to a loss of US$7.7 billion between 2000 and 2019, according to the Thailand Development Research Institute. Phirun Saiyasitpanich, Director of Thailand’s Department of Climate Change and Environment and a prominent member of the Thai negotiation team at COP28, emphasized that the discussion on loss and damage should focus on identifying those severely affected rather than solely on determining who is economically disadvantaged. “The G77 plus China group, in which Thailand participates, has been discussing that this new finance initiative must operate fairly. All countries enduring loss and damage caused by climate change should have the right to access this fund.” World Bank president Ajay Banga said during the COP28 side event panel that the loss and damage fund is just “at the beginning” of the process and it could be some time next year before the money is put out to help countries on the ground. The World Bank will manage the fund in the next four years, he said, but will not be the one deciding who should get the money. This will be done by a governing board that needs to be created and should have representation from both donor and recipient countries. Vietnam, on the other hand, has moved ahead to secure $15.8 billion from the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) – the financial mechanism launched by wealthy nations to help developing countries cut coal use. The fund, comprising 98% in loans, will be given to Vietnam over three to five years to help the country accelerate the renewable energy transition and achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. Vietnam is the second Asian country after Indonesia to reach the JETP deal since its launch at COP26 in Glasgow. On Friday, Vietnam’s Prime Minister Pham Minh Chinh announced the Resource Mobilization Plan (RMP) on the sidelines of COP28, along with European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen. The plan identifies priority investment areas under the JETP and a framework to evaluate and monitor the just outcomes. “We anticipate that Vietnam will be able to mobilize international support through the fund,” said Pham during the announcement.