DUBAI/RIYADH - A shake-up of Saudi Arabia's oil leadership by King Salman has introduced a new element of unpredictability to its energy policymaking at a moment when Riyadh is grappling with slumping crude prices and its war in neighboring Yemen.
State oil giant Aramco has been without a permanent chief executive since April, when Khalid al-Falih was made health minister, and the old Supreme Petroleum Council, where energy policy was historically made, was abolished in January.
While the world's top crude exporter has always prized stability and consistency in crafting oil policy, the changes, alongside a shift in market strategy that contributed to the world price slump, have left analysts and traders guessing as to King Salman's long-term vision.
The main tenets of Saudi oil policy — maintaining the ability to stabilize markets via an expensive spare-capacity cushion and a reluctance to interfere in the market for political reasons — are still set in stone, say market insiders.
But the uncertainty has led to speculation over the fate of both veteran Oil Minister Ali al-Naimi and the wider composition of the kingdom's energy and minerals sectors, with rumors abounding that a sweeping restructure could be imminent.
"There will be changes [at the oil ministry], but no one knows when or what will happen next. It could be tomorrow, next week or a month from now," said a Saudi insider.
"The decisions are being taken by a small circle of people and a few advisers."
The key person in that small circle is Prince Mohammed bin Salman, the young deputy crown prince who without having any previous oil experience has emerged since his father's accession to power as the most powerful figure in Saudi economic and energy policy.
The prince heads both an economic development supercommittee and a new council overseeing Aramco, making him the first royal ever to directly supervise the state oil giant, the world's biggest energy company.
The sense of unpredictability has only been sharpened by the wider geopolitical and market climate.
"It's anybody's guess what will happen next," said a Western diplomat in Riyadh.
While Riyadh's launch of airstrikes in Yemen on March 26 stunned observers of a country more noted for its use of backroom checkbook diplomacy, its shift in oil market policy in November was equally surprising — and arguably more important. The kingdom led other OPEC producers in November against cutting output levels, a move that abandoned decades of work to protect oil prices in favor of a strategy geared towards maintaining market share against rival producers such as Russia and U.S. shale drillers.
Brent prices have more than halved since then, partly due to that policy shift, to around $48 a barrel down from peaks of around $115 in June 2014. This has tested Saudi Arabia's ability to corral its fellow OPEC members and added fiscal pressure as Riyadh cements its leadership change and faces regional turmoil.
"With the advent of U.S. shale, Saudi Arabia has entered unchartered territory where it is still learning about a new source of supply. This necessitates a new approach for managing their investment and output policies," said Bassam Fattouh, director of the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies.
In his other role, as defense minister, Prince Mohammed has been the public face of the war in Yemen, which may have cut into the time he has been able to devote to restructuring Saudi Arabia's energy sector.
One clue as to what may eventually happen was given by al-Arabiya, a news channel with close ties to Salman's branch of the ruling Al Saud family, which reported on April 30 that Aramco would be restructured and split from the Oil Ministry.
Some Saudi energy sources have speculated about merging the oil ministry with the electricity, water and renewable power entities, to create a new energy ministry. Some have even raised the possibility of a limited privatization of Aramco.
Inevitably, given his role as godfather of Saudi Arabia's energy sector from his youth as an Aramco office boy in the 1940s to his leadership of the company in the 1980s and as minister since 1995, such speculation also takes in Naimi's own future.
It will be impossible to find a like-for-like replacement for Naimi, who turns 80 this month and has enjoyed unmatched scope to interpret and implement policy thanks to his experience and the respect in which he is held internationally.