Mildred E. "Millie" Ketcheschawno (February 9, 1937 – December 11, 2000) was an activist for Native American rights and a filmmaker who was one of the founders of Indigenous Peoples' Day. In the 1970s, Millie became the first woman president of the Intertribal Friendship House. She received her Bachelor of Arts (Honors) from the University of California at Berkeley in American Indian studies and film in the late 1990s. Millie's activism began when she provided leadership to an important pan-ethnic movement known as the Indians of All Tribes movement (IOAT). Her advocacy was extended to the film industry when she became one of the writers for the documentary "Alcatraz is Not an Island," which was directed by James M. Fortier and released in 2001. Through her activism, she facilitated the counteraction of Columbus Day with the creation of Indigenous Peoples' Day, that is celebrated across the United States till present.
Life and family
Early life and education
Born in 1937, Millie Ketcheschawno was from Oklahoma and left her hometown community at Shell Creek to attend an American Indian boarding school in Haskell, Kansas. Following her education, Millie Ketcheschawno would, similarly to many young Muscogee or Creek adults, leave her hometown and migrate to urban areas in part due to the Indian Relocation Act of 1953, drafted during the Indian termination phase of U.S. domestic policy. In the late 1950s, Ketcheshawno enlisted in the Federal relocation program.
After arriving in Oakland, California, and in San Francisco, Ketcheschawno created ties with other Native Americans who advocated for the preservation of Indigenous traditions and provided support to those affected by stereotypes and discrimination. More specifically, Millie Ketcheschawno would provide leadership to the Indians of All Tribes pan-ethnic movement based in San Francisco. This movement would, in 1969, sponsor the Alcatraz Island occupations.
In 1990 Millie enrolled for a Bachelor of Arts degree in American Indian studies and film at the University of California at Berkeley, where she graduated with honors in 1995.
Family
Millie married Angelo Barichello sometime in the late 1950s, and they later divorced in the early 1970s. Together they had two children named Leslie and Gino. She later married her second husband, Vernon Ketcheshawno of the Kickapoo Nation. After their marriage, Millie and her family settled in Oklahoma. Vernon Ketcheshawno passed away in 1986. At the time of her passing, Millie left behind four children: Gino Barichello, Mike Deer, Jeff Ketcheshawno, and Jay Ketcheshawno. She is lived on by two grandsons and one great-grandson. She had two brothers named Bird Creek Phillips and Franklin Phillips, as well as other extended family members.
Career and activism
Alcatraz Island occupation: activism and documentary
In 1963, the U.S. government closed a federal prison on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay. The San Francisco United Council of Native Americans then proposed that the island become an ecology center for Native Americans. This was, however, objected to by the U.S. government which sparked an Indian-nationalist movement. This movement culminated with the occupation of Alcatraz Island by Native American activists, among them was Ketcheschawno. The idea behind the Occupation of Alcatraz was to lay claim to Indigenous land rights and rebuild Indian America. According to Millie's son Gino Barichello, his late mother was one of the first people to occupy Alcatraz.
This island would become a symbol of Native American activism. The slogan of this movement was the following: “Alcatraz is Not an Island”. It aimed to highlight how the movement’s aims went beyond the simple occupation of Alcatraz. In 2001, the documentary Alcatraz is Not an Island which was directed by James M. Fortier, and written by Troy Johnson, Jon Plutte, Mike Yearling and Millie Ketcheshawno, was released. The film won Best Documentary Feature at the American Indian Film Festival in San Francisco in 1999. This documentary chronicles the long struggle undertaken by Native Americans, and which altered U.S. government policies towards Indigenous communities. It further provides a perspective as to how this event transformed the way Native Americans perceive themselves and their heritage.