[Illustration: Archæopteryx macrura, a fossil lizard-tailed bird]
ARCHÆOPTERYX (är-k[=e]-op´te-riks), a fossil bird from the oolitic limestone of Solenhofen, of the size of a rook, and differing from all known birds in having two free claws representing the thumb and forefinger projecting from the wing, and about twenty tail vertebræ free and prolonged as in mammals.
ARCHANGEL (ärk´[=a]n-jel; Gr. prefix, _arch-_, denoting chief), an angel of superior or of the highest rank. The only archangel mentioned by name in Scripture is Michael in the _Epistle of Jude_.
ARCHANGEL (ärk-[=a]n´jel), a seaport, capital of the Russian government of same name, on the right bank of the Northern Dvina, about 20 miles above its mouth in the White Sea. Below the town the river divides into several branches and forms a number of islands, on one of which, called Sollenbole, is the harbour. The houses are mostly of wood; the place has some manufactures and an important trade, exporting linseed, flax, tow, tallow, train-oil, mats, timber, pitch and tar, &c. The port is closed for six months by ice. Archangel, founded in 1584, was long the only port which Russia possessed. Pop. 43,388.--The province, which before the Russian revolution extended from the Ural Mountains to Finland, had an area of 326,063 sq. miles. Pop. 483,500.--For the Archangel Expedition of 1918, see _Murmansk_, _Russia_.
ARCHÆOLOGY: ANTIQUITIES OF THE STONE, BRONZE, AND IRON AGES
[Illustration: OLDER STONE AGE: 1, Flint Pick. 2, Carved Mammoth Tusk. 3, Double Scraper. 4, Barbed Harpoon Heads. LATER STONE AGE: 5, Pick of Deer Antler. 6, Flint and Pyrites. 7, Stone Celt in Haft. 8, Arrowhead. 9, Bowl. BRONZE AGE: 10, Celt. 11, Drinking-cup. 12, Ornamental Pin. 13, Spear-head. 14, Bronze Tweezers. 15, 16, Gold Bracelets. 17, Engraved Pin. 18, Short Sword. 19, Spectacle Brooch. 20, Razor. EARLY IRON AGE: 21, Bronze Brooch. 22, Bone Hand-comb for weaving. 23, Bronze Mirror. 24, Bronze Jug. 25, Bronze Spoon. 26, Iron Currency Bars. 27, Bronze Brooch.]
ARCHBISHOP (ärch-), a chief bishop, or bishop over other bishops; a metropolitan prelate. The establishment of this dignity is to be traced up to an early period of Christianity, when the bishops and inferior clergy met in the capitals to deliberate on spiritual affairs, and the bishop of the city where the meeting was held presided. In England there are two archbishops--those of Canterbury and York; the former styled _Primate of all England_, the latter _Primate of England_. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the first peer of the realm, having precedence before all great officers of the Crown and all dukes not of royal birth. He crowns the sovereign, and when he is invested with his archbishopric he is said to be enthroned. He can grant special licences to marry at any time or place, and can confer degrees otherwise to be obtained only from the universities. He is addressed by the titles of _your grace_ and _most reverend father in God_, and writes himself _by divine providence_, while the Archbishop of York and the bishops only write _by divine permission_. The first Archbishop of Canterbury was Augustine, appointed A.D. 598 by Ethelbert. Next in dignity is the Archbishop of York, between whom and the Archbishop of Canterbury the Lord High-Chancellor of England has his place in precedency. The first Archbishop of York was Paulinus, appointed in 622. The incomes of the sees are £15,000 and £10,000 respectively. An Archbishop of Wales was first appointed in 1920. Scotland had two archbishops--St. Andrews and Glasgow. Ireland had four, but the Episcopal Church has but two--Armagh and Dublin, the former being _Primate of all Ireland_, the latter _Primate of Ireland_. There are four Roman Catholic archbishops in England and Wales--Westminster, Cardiff, Birmingham, and Liverpool; two in Scotland--St. Andrews and Edinburgh, and Glasgow; four in Ireland--Armagh, Dublin, Cashel, and Tuam.