The Congress of Arras was a diplomatic congregation established at Arras in the summer of 1435 during the Hundred Years' War, between representatives of England, France and Burgundy. It was the first negotiation since the Treaty of Troyes and replaced the fifteen-year agreement between Burgundy and England that would have seen the dynasty of Henry V inherit the French crown. Historian Richard Vaughan has called it "Europe's first real peace congress."
Toward the close of the Hundred Years' War, both the Congress and the subsequent Treaty of Arras represented diplomatic failures for England and major successes for France and led to the expulsion of the English from France.
Congregation
English negotiators entered the congress believing it was a peace negotiation between England and France only. They proposed an extended truce and a marriage between adolescent King Henry VI of England and a daughter of French king Charles VII of France. The English were unwilling to renounce their claim to the crown of France. This position prevented meaningful negotiation. The English delegation broke off from the congress in mid-session to put down a raid by French captains Xaintrailles and La Hire.
Meanwhile, the French delegation and leading clergy urged Philip the Good of Burgundy to reconcile with Charles VII. Burgundy was an appanage at the time, virtually an independent state, and had been allied with England since the murder of Philip's father in 1419. Charles VII had been complicit in that crime. Philip despised the French king but believed he would gain an advantage in a French government ruled by a weak French king instead of the English regent John, Duke of Bedford.
Philip's sister Anne of Burgundy had been married to the English duke. Relations between the two men deteriorated following her death in 1432. When the English delegation returned to the congress they too found their Burgundian ally had switched sides. The Duke of Bedford, at this point the only man keeping the Anglo-Burgundian alliance standing, died on 14 September 1435, one week before the congress concluded.
Participants
For the English
John Kemp, Archbishop of York
Henry Beaufort, Cardinal
John Holland, Earl of Huntingdon
William de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk
Walter Hungerford
William Alnwick, Bishop of Norwich
Thomas Rodborne, Bishop of St David's
William Lyndwood, keeper of the privy seal
Sir John Radcliff, seneschal of Aquitaine
John Popham, knight
Robert Shotesbrook, knight
William Sprever, doctor of laws
Pierre Cauchon, Bishop of Lisieux
Jean de Rinel, royal secretary
Nicolas de Mailly, bailli of Vermandois
Robert le Jeune, bailli of Amiens
Guillaume Erard, doctor of theology
Nicolas Fraillon, Archdeacon of Paris
Raoul Roussel, doctor of laws, treasurer of Rouen
Thomas de Courcelles, Parisian ambassador
and their prisoners, Duke of Orleans, Count of Eu
For the French
Representing Charles VII: Charles I, Duke of Bourbon (titular head of embassy and Duke of Burgundy's brother-in-law) Regnault de Chartres, Archbishop of Reims, chancellor of France Arthur de Richemont, Constable of France Arnold, Duke of Guelders Charles I, Count of Nevers Richard, Count of Étampes Antoine, Count of Vaudémont Engelbert I, Count of Nassau Catherine, Damoiseau of Cleves John, Bishop of Liége Jan van Gavere, Bishop of Cambrai Bishop of Arras Bishop of Auxerre Seigneur de Crévecoeur Seigneur de Charny
For Burgundy: Duke Philip of Burgundy Chancellor Nicolas Rolin Antoine I, Seigneur de Croÿ Hugues de Lannoy, Seigneur de Santes Louis de Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol Jean II de Luxembourg, Count of Ligny Seigneur de Roubaix
Among the possibly as many as 58 who attended for the French, Guidon VII, seigneur de la Roche Guyon, and Gilles de Duremont, Abbot of Fécamp, may also have been present.
Mediating
Niccolò Albergati, Bishop of Bologna, papal legate
Treaty of Arras
The congress gave rise to the second Treaty of Arras, which was signed on 20/21 September 1435 and became an important diplomatic achievement for the French in the closing years of the Hundred Years' War. Overall, it reconciled a longstanding feud between King Charles VII of France and Duke Philip III of Burgundy (Philip the Good). Philip recognized Charles VII as king of France and, in return, Philip was exempted from homage to the crown, and Charles agreed to punish the murderers of Philip's father Duke John I of Burgundy (John the Fearless).