Liviu Deleanu (born Lipe Kligman; 21 February 1911, Iași – 12 May 1967, Chișinău) was a Moldovan and Romanian poet and playwright, a doyen of postwar Moldovan literature.
Biography
In Iași
Liviu Deleanu was born in Iași, the capital of the Romanian province of Moldavia, in a house on strada Veche (Veche street) in 1911. His father, Semi (Shmil) Kligman, was a poet in Yiddish and Hebrew, who supported his earliest poetic efforts. Deleanu hated his childhood, recalling the privations faced by him and his mother after his father was conscripted during the First World War. His mother, who was not well educated, instilled in him a love of language and folk imagination. However, it was his aunt, famous in the family for her verses, from whom he inherited his poetic gift.
Deleanu studied at a cheder and at a Romanian gymnasium. At age 11, he began an apprenticeship as a lithographer and a proofreader, and quickly entered the literary life. He joined the magazine Vitrina Literarǎ (Literary showcase) as a staff-member at the age of 16, where he wrote under the pseudonyms Cliglon and C.L. Deleanu. The same year, under the name Liviu Deleanu, he published his first collection of poetry Oglinzi fermecate (Magic mirrors).
In 1928, along with the poet Virgil Gheorghiu (1903-1977), Deleanu founded his own journal Prospect (subtitled Simptom literar), which was recognised by George Călinescu in his authoritative Istoria literaturii române (History of Romanian Literature) as one of the first modernist periodicals published in Romania. In the first three issues, edited by Deleanu himself, appeared poems by him and Virgil Gheorghiu; from the fourth issue onwards, other names appeared as well: Mihail Bicleanu, Sașa Pană, Aurel Zaremba and others.
In Bucharest
In 1928, Deleanu continued his literary career in Bucharest. During his sojourn in the Romanian capital, he wrote theatre reviews, reportage, articles on art, advertising, printed translation from the Yiddish, and published fragments of his novel in such journals as Adam (the organ of the Jewish community of the city), Ediţie specialǎ (Special edition), Bilete de papagal (a satirical magazine edited by Tudor Arghezi) and Cuvîntul liber (The Free Word). His second collection of poetry Ceasul de veghe (The Hour of the Vigil) was released by Santier publishing house in 1937 to favourable reviews from Bucharest's critics such as George Călinescu ('Mr. Deleanu's collection of poems reveals humanitarian concerns, sympathy for the miners, workers, designers, vagrants. The subject should not frighten, because Mr. Deleanu has treated it with remarkable skill...'), Izabella Sadoveanu, and Enrica Furtuna.
Deleanu's third collection Glod alb (White mud) was published by Cultura Poporului (Popular Culture) in 1940. In it was included a long poetic cycle on the Spanish Civil War that was originally written in 1937, Sabii peste Spania (Swords over Spain), along with well-known poems such as Serenade pe baricade (Serenade on the barricades), Don Quijote, Guernica, A doua moarte (Second death). In the prewar years, some of Deleanu's poems became popular songs, including Sanie cu zurgălăi (Sleigh bells - set to music by Richard Stein, 1909-1992), which was for a long time considered the national song.
In Moldavia
After the absorption of Bessarabia into the USSR, Deleanu moved to Chișinău and immediately joined the literary life of the city. Along with Bogdan Istru, he translated the National Anthem of the Soviet Union into Moldovan.
During the Second World War, he lived in Moscow, translating Russian poetry into Moldovan. Some of the poets he translated were Ivan Krylov, Alexander Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolay Nekrasov, Sergei Yesenin, Sergey Mikhalkov, Korney Chukovsky, Aleksandr Tvardovsky as well as Agniya Barto. He wrote Balada lui Kotovschii (The Ballad of Kotovsky), Ballada urii and several other works. From 1943, he also worked as literary editor of the ensemble Doina.
Returning to Chișinău in 1944, Deleanu received news of the death of his parents during the Iași pogrom of 1941, in which during a week, more than 14,000 Jews of the town were murdered. Deleanu wrote the anguished poem Coşmar (Nightmare).
The same year, he met his soon-to-be wife, Baka Rivilis (1921-2005), at Soroca, where she was working at the provincial archives. For the rest of his life, she remained a faithful and energetic promoter of Deleanu's oeuvre while maintaining a busy schedule of her own translation work.