IRBIL, IRAQ - Aid agencies are tightening security measures in the Middle East and increasingly outsourcing work to local organizations to limit their exposure to multiplying risks across the region.
Most if not all international NGOs had already stopped sending expatriate staff into Syria by the time footage emerged 10 days ago of a British aid worker being beheaded by Islamic State militants who control around one third of the country.
But the killing has brought into focus the increasing dangers faced by aid workers across the region just as they are also facing huge risks in their work dealing with the Ebola outbreak in West Africa.
Those dangers are making it hard for NGOs to deal with some of the most acute humanitarian crises of the century.
“The severity of the risk, but also the targeted nature makes it very hard for any humanitarian organization to operate in these areas,” said a representative of one aid organization working in the Middle East, who did not want to be named.
“Humanitarian activity is very limited at the moment; everyone is very much constrained by the security situation.”
International aid agencies are relying increasingly on local organizations to get access to communities in need both in Syria and Iraq.
In Syria alone, some 3.5 million people have been internally displaced by the conflict with more than 800,000 forced from their homes since IS overran the north's largest city in June.
“The basis of our security in a context like Iraq...is acceptance, so the people on the ground, all parties to the conflict, know who you are,” said one NGO security director. “We are trying to approach everybody that is playing a part in the conflict.”
In footage showing the beheading of aid worker David Haines, his masked executioner said it was in revenge for Britain's decision to arm Kurdish forces, which have been regaining ground from IS militants in northern Iraq since the United States began a campaign of air strikes last month.
Another British aid worker, was shown at the end of the video, and the masked man said he too would be killed unless British Prime Minister David Cameron changed his policies.
“Humanitarian activities are being more and more manipulated in order to serve goals and objectives that don't have anything to do with the humanitarian assistance that we strive to provide,” said Fabio Forgione, Head of Iraq Mission for Doctors without Borders (MSF).
“That...completely undermines our capacity to reach those populations that are in the most dire need in Iraq.”
A new record for violence against civilian aid operations was set in 2013 with 251 separate attacks affecting 460 aid workers of which 155 were killed, according the Aid Worker Security Report which is supported by USAID.
The increase was driven mainly by Syria and South Sudan but Afghanistan was the most dangerous country.
The governments of kidnapped expatriates often impose media blackouts whilst they try to negotiate their release so the number of aid workers being held by militant groups including Islamic State is not known, but the United Nations estimates 200-300 Syrian aid workers were abducted in August.
“The kidnapping of local workers has become a phenomenon and it's happening a lot - especially in the last 2 months. It's all anecdotal because negotiations are ongoing,” an aid worker in southern Turkey said of the situation in Syria.
Security risks pose a series of problems for aid agencies. The cost of insurance in the region is on the rise.
Insurance contracts are normally renewed only on an annual basis, but insurers say premiums are rising in kidnap and ransom products even if they have already been renewed, with estimates of as much as a 100 percent increase over the past 18 months.
Those policies cover oil and construction workers as well as aid workers who are often closer to the action.
“In the Iraq business, we are seeing higher demand than we were a year ago, our premiums have to adjust to the risk,” said Henry MacHale, head of accident and speciality risks at insurer Aspen, on kidnap and ransom insurance.
“We have seen (Syria and Iraq) as a real problem over the last two years but we have had to review premiums further in light of the increase in activity in the region during the last 6 months.”