[Footnote 154: Plut. _Aem. Paul. 6 ad fin._]
[Footnote 156: The difference between him and his father, especially in politics, is sketched in Plutarch's _Life_ of the latter, ch. xxxviii.]
[Footnote 157: Leo, in _Die griechische und lateinische Literatur_, p. 337.]
[Footnote 158: The best specimens, or rather the worst, are to be found in the speeches _in Pisonem, in Vatinium_, and in the _Second Philippic_.]
[Footnote 159: The most instructive passage on vituperatio is Cicero's defence of Caelius, ch. 3. Cp. Quintilian iii. 7. 1 and 19. On the custom at triumphs, etc., see Munro's _Elucidations of Catullus_, p. 75 foll. for most valuable remarks.]
[Footnote 160: We have courteous letters from Cicero both to Piso and Vatinius, only a few years after he had depicted them in public as monsters of iniquity.]
[Footnote 161: Plut. C. Gracchus, ch. 6 _ad fin_. Cp. Livy vii. 33.]
[Footnote 162: These characteristic figures may be most conveniently seen in Strong's interesting volume on Roman sculpture, p. 42 foll.]
[Footnote 163: Plut. _Cato_, ch. 1. _ad fin_. Blanditia was the word for civility in a candidate: "opus est magnopere blanditia," says Quintus Cicero, _de pet cons_.§ 41.]
[Footnote 164: There is a pleasanter picture of Cato, sitting in Lucullus' library and in his right mind, in Cic. _de Finibus_ iii. 2. 7.]
[Footnote 165: See Leo, in work already cited, p. 338 foll.]
[Footnote 166: For this remarkable writer, of whose work only a few fragments survive, see Leo, _op. cit._ p. 340, and Schanz, _Gesch. der röm. Literatur_, i. p. 278 foll.]
[Footnote 167: Cicero, _Brutus_, 75, 262.]
[Footnote 168: The other Caesarian writers followed him more or less successfully; Hirtius, who wrote the eighth book of the Gallic War, and the authors of the Alexandrian, African, and Spanish Wars (the first possibly by Asinius Pollio).]
[Footnote 171: The passage just cited from the _de Finibus_ (iii. 27) introduces us to the library of Lucullus at Tusculum, whither Cicero had gone to consult books, and where he found Cato sitting surrounded by volumes of Stoic treatises.]
[Footnote 172: The fragments of Panaetius are collected by H.N. Fowler, Bonn, 1885. The best account of his teaching known to me is in Schmekel, _Philosophie der Mittleren Stoa_, p. 18 foll. But all can read the two first books of the _de Officiis_.]