French visual artist Henri Matisse was known for his use of color and draughtsmanship. In the early 20th century, Matisse became a leader of the Fauvism art movement, which was an early movement in the broader Post-impressionist era.
After a trip to Morocco in 1912 Matisse employed goldfish in aquariums as a motif in his art. While retaining the use of color which he is notable for, Matisse included goldfish in various still life scenarios, often as a feature found in depictions of his various studios rather than the focus of pieces.
The motif would be present in Matisse's art mostly during the early and mid-1910s, but also in the 1920s. Most of these pieces were oil on canvas still life paintings, but Matisse would produce etchings, drawings, and prints featuring the motif in 1929.
Art historians have commented that Matisse's works featuring goldfish explore the themes of contemplation, tranquility, and pictorial space, with Matisse configuring complex arrangements for the latter. The aquariums the goldfish swim around in function as a metaphor for the studio.
Background
In the first two decades of the 20th century, Matisse visited Islamic art exhibitions. He also traveled to Algeria and Morocco, collecting pottery, textiles, and tiles. In 1909, Matisse moved from Paris to nearby Issy-les-Moulineaux to escape Parisian pressures. He portrayed his Issy studio in The Red Studio (L'Atelier Rouge), a 1911 oil on canvas painting considered one of the most influential pieces of modern art by experts. The studio would be often depicted in Matisse's goldfish paintings that would follow.
In January 1912, Matisse visited Tangier in Morocco, where he stayed through April. While there, Matisse noted how the locals were drawn to watching goldfish swim around in bowls. Matisse admired the "relaxed and contemplative" lifestyle Moroccans had, a view shared with other Europeans who visited North Africa, according to Smarthistory. Previously in 1908, Matisse wrote that he dreamed of: an art of balance, of purity and serenity, devoid of troubling or depressing subject matter, an art that could be [...] a soothing, calming influence on the mind, something like a good armchair that provides relaxation from fatigue.
Goldfish era
Goldfish became a frequently recurring motif in Matisse's art from 1912 to 1915. Sculptures, flowers, and windows were also common motifs found in Matisse's goldfish paintings. The 1910s decade was "an extremely reflective period of his career when new spatial configurations were explored," and found Matisse using Cubist devices "for his illusionary ends, so as to paradoxically suggest enclosure."
After returning to Issy from his trip to Morocco, Matisse produced a series of nine paintings during the spring and early summer of 1912, of which Goldfish was included. Unlike his other paintings featuring the titular animals, this painting featured the goldfish as its focus. Goldfish and Sculpture was also painted in this spring–summer 1912 period. This painting features his Reclining Nude from 1907, now taking on "the peachy skin tone of an imagined Caucasian model." Matisse also produced the piece, Studio with Goldfish (L'Atelier aux poissons rouges), dated May–end of September 1912.
Matisse would later depict his experience visiting Morocco in Arab Coffeehouse (Le café Maure) (1912–13). A companion piece, Zorah on the Terrace portrays a woman gazing at fish. In both Arab Coffeehouse and Zorah on the Terrace figure their subjects "in an attitude of profound attention."
In 1914, he produced Interior with a Goldfish Bowl, which has a notable use of blue color. Goldfish with Palette, dated November 1914–spring 2015, was also made during this period. These two pieces were painted at Matisse's studio at 19, quai Saint-Michel.
Goldfish would again appear in Matisse's work in the following decade, such as in The Goldfish Bowl (winter 1921–22). Now living in Nice by this point, Matisse employed a particular interest in sunlight streaming in from a window in this piece. Young Woman before an Aquarium (Jeune fille devant un aquarium) was also painted during this time, between September 1921 and February 1922. A similar Woman before an Aquarium painting (dated 1921–1923), included elements Matisse encountered in his trips to North Africa. The interior scene includes a decorative patterned textile screen.
