These flanges are shrunk on the pipe as shown in the figures, expanded and flared inside.
Fig. 643 represents a male and female flange joint metal to metal combined with and forming a part of the pipe; it is used for special work and conditions. Fig. 644 is the usual screwed sleeve threaded connection with right hand coupling. Fig. 645 is a much used male and female _flange union_ screwed for the reception of standard wrought iron pipe. Fig. 646 illustrates the common threaded malleable iron union and Fig. 647 the plain light _malleable iron tee_.
NOTE.—Attention of the reader is directed to that part of the Glossary in the opening pages of Part One which relates to pipe and fittings as being closely related to this division of the work and which may be considered as an introduction to what is now added.
_Steam Pipe Lines._ These are constructed of cast iron or wrought iron and used for conveying a supply of steam from the boilers to engines, pumps, turbines and other machines driven by steam. Usually these lines are built up with straight pipe and “fittings.” The names of the latter are as follows: elbows; forty-fives (45°); tees; plugs; caps; reducers (or bushings); nipples; valves; unions (with ground, perishable, and flange joints); couplings (reducing and right and left); crosses; special fittings, such as elbows and tees of a nominal size reduced at some point to a smaller size to avoid the use of reducers; angle, check, and gate valves, and plug cocks; lock-nuts.
NOTE.—Cast iron was formerly entirely employed for steam pipe, but now it is never used for high pressures.
While lead and iron pipe have taken the place of the old log pipes of former days for carrying water and sundry purposes, there are still uses for which wooden pipe is better adapted than any of the metal pipes; a new kind of wire wound wooden pipe has been made. Each length is built up of staves, wound with galvanized steel wire under tension. The sizes are made 2 to 8 inches internal diameter. The staves are kiln-dried, 7/8 inch to 1-1/2 inch thick. Joints are made with a male and female socket on the small sizes, and a sleeve and butt joint on the larger sizes, 8-inch pipe of this type, wound with No. 4 copper wire, has been tried, where acid water rapidly destroys ordinary pipes, with excellent results. This pipe has been tested to 500 pounds pressure, it is lighter to handle and is not so liable to burst as cast iron.
