In this proceeding, I review what we have learned, and what we will be able to learn, about low-$x$ physics from proton-nucleus ($pA$) collisions at RHIC and the LHC, and how this complements future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) measurements. EIC not only will provide us essential and complementary information about the gluon saturation to the knowledge that we have learned from $pA$ collisions at RHIC and the LHC, it will also allow us to visualize the internal structure of protons and nuclei in a multi-dimensional fashion with unprecedented precision.
Categories: nucl-th hep-ph nucl-ex