Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1859.
Excavations
February – Excavation of Viroconium Cornoviorum (Wroxeter) under Thomas Wright begins. Excavation of Nydam Mose in Denmark under Conrad Engelhardt begins (continues to early 1864). Excavation of Camirus on Rhodes under Alfred Biliotti begins (continues to 1864).
Finds
Vigna Randanini Jewish catacombs in Rome.
Publications
J. M. García publishes an account of Monte Albán. Charles Roach Smith — Illustrations of Roman London.
Miscellaneous
26 May & 2 June – Geologist Joseph Prestwich and amateur archaeologist John Evans report (to the Royal Society and Society of Antiquaries of London, respectively) the results of their investigations of gravel-pits in the Somme valley and elsewhere, extending human history back to what will become known as the Paleolithic Era. Imperial Archaeological Commission founded in Saint Petersburg. Royal Geographical Society is given a Royal Charter by Queen Victoria.