Erich Wollenberg ( 15 August 1892 – 6 November 1973) (Pseudonyms: Walter, Eugen Hardt, Martin Hart) was until 1933 a leading member of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD), and in later years an independent journalist and publicist.
Life
World War and Revolution
Wollenberg was born into a family of doctors and studied medicine in Munich. During the First World War he served as a volunteer. He was decorated with medals, promoted to lieutenant in the reserve (infantry) in 1917 and wounded five times.
In 1918 he joined the USPD and the Spartacus League. He played a leading role in the November Revolution in Königsberg. He then returned to Munich to continue his studies in medicine. In the communist Second Bavarian Soviet Republic Wollenberg was from 19 April 1919. Commander of the Infantry and Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Bavarian Red Army (Dachau). He wrote about the events in his 1929 report, Als Rotarmist vor München (A Red Guard before Munich). In this report Wollenberg was highly critical of his immediate superior, the poet Ernst Toller, accusing him of failing to press home the Red Army's advantage after early victories on the Dachau front. He wrote: "Only when Toller and comrades recognized that the civil war would not be decided with paper resolutions and ardent appeals, but only with cannons and machine guns, tanks and gas weapons, and only when the 'enormity' of a bloody confrontation with the enemy got closer, only then did all of their offensive plans collapse, and the only thing left was the 'pacifist weapon of the petty bourgeois': capitulation." After the fall of the Soviet Republic he was sentenced to two years (fortress detention) which he served in Landsberg, Ansbach und Niederschönenfeld, being released in January 1922.
German October and Exile in Moscow
In March 1922 Wollenberg became chief editor of the eastern edition of Die Rote Fahne. He also established communist cells within the Reichswehr. In May 1923 he was initially leader of the armed communist uprising attempt during the occupation of the Ruhr in Bochum, as local secretary of the KPD Ruhr area. In August 1923 he was the KPD's military chief South-West (Württemberg, Baden, Hesse, temporarily Bavaria).
Following the collapse of the German October Wollenberg, now wanted on a warrant, fled in 1924 to the Soviet Union, where he served from 1924 to 1926 as an officer in the Red Army, battalion commander in Saratow among the Volga Germans, then in Moscow. In 1927 he was briefly and illegally in Germany as Chief Editor of the “Arbeiter Zeitung” in Saarbrücken. Returning to Moscow, he became a scientific assistant in the Marx–Engels–Lenin Institute. From 1928 Wollenberg was Professor of History of the International Workers‘ Movement in the International Lenin School.
Amnesty and Party Struggles
Following the amnesty of autumn 1930 Wollenberg was able to return to Germany. In 1931 he joined the leadership of the illegal Roter Kämpferbund (the paramilitary Red Front) and Editor-in-Chief of its magazine Rote Front.
After being seriously injured by the SA, Wollenberg criticized the KPD leadership for not providing him with adequate protection. His criticism was also directed at Walter Ulbricht. Together with Herbert Wehner, Ulbricht initiated an internal party investigation against Wollenberg, who received a “party reprimand” and lost his post in the editorial office of Die Rote Fahne. At the instigation of Wilhelm Pieck, Wollenberg emigrated to the Soviet Union at the end of 1932. Wollenberg later referred to it as being "transferred to Moscow as a punishment".
Alleged Wollenberg-Hoelz Conspiracy
In Moscow he collaborated on the publication of Lenin's works in German. There he came under the scrutiny of the NKVD, also because he had contact with the Trotskyist Karl Gröhl. The secret service constructed around Wollenberg and Max Hoelz the accusation of a “counter-revolutionary, Trotskyist-terrorist conspiracy” (the “Wollenberg-Hoelz conspiracy”). Wollenberg was expelled from the KPD on April 4, 1933 by the International Control Commission of the Comintern. Pursued equally by Stalin and the Nazis, Wollenberg managed to escape from Moscow in 1934 via Prague to Paris (1938). In the Soviet Union, Wollenberg was now considered a “Trotskyist” enemy of the state. Many of his acquaintances and political friends were persecuted and murdered.