To sum up the position in Central Asia in the years immediately following Qutayba’s conquests:—
(1) Lower _T_ukhāristān and Chaghāniān formed an integral part of the Arab Empire.
(2) _T_ukhāristān, now in the decay of its power, was held as a vassal state, together with the Transoxine provinces of Khuttal, Kumādh, etc., where, however, the Arab authority was much weaker.
(3) In Sogdiana, Bukhārā was regarded as a permanent conquest and gradually colonized; _S_ughd was still hostile territory held by strong outpost garrisons in Samarqand and Kish, connected to Bukhārā by minor posts.
(4) Khwārizm as a military power was negligible and was permanently colonized.
(5) The kingdoms beyond the Jaxartes remained independent, hostile, and relatively strong, supported by the Turkish power to the North East and also by the intervention of China.
(6) Ushrūsana, though unsubdued, does not seem to have offered any obstacle to the passage of Arab armies.
(7) The existing dynastic houses were everywhere maintained, as the representatives of the conquered peoples and vehicle of the civil administration. The actual administrative and financial authority in their territories, however, passed to the Wāli, or agent of the Arab governor of Khurāsān[73].
[41] Chav. Doc. 42, 282 f.: Marquart Chronologie 15: _T_abarī II. 1078, 1080.
[42] As was suggested by Prof. Houtsma, Gotting. Gelehrt. Anz., 1899, 386-7.
[43] Suggested readings in Barthold, Turkestan, p. 71 n. 5, and p. 76.
[44] _T_ab. 1184 f., 1195: Chav. Doc. 172: Hamadhānī, Kitāb al-Buldān (Bibl. Geog. Arab. V) 209. 7: _cf._ _T_ab. 1874.
[45] Narshakhī 8, 15, 30, 37, 44: _T_ab. 1199. 1: Yaʿqūbī Hist. II. 342. 9. _Cf._ Marquart, Chronologie 63 and Barthold, Arab. Quellen 7.
[48] _T_ab. 1207. 16: _cf._ Yaʿqūbī loc. cit. On the Arab method of crucifixion, Nöldeke Z.D.M.G. LVI (1902) 433; _cf._ _T_ab. 1691 and Dīnawarī 336. 18.
[49] Detailed accounts of this are readily accessible in “The Heart of Asia”, and “The Caliph’s Last Heritage” by Sir Mark Sykes, the latter in a richly imaginative vein. Very full geographical data are given by Marquart, Ērānshahr 219 f.
[51] _E.g._ Narsh. 58. 5. On the new city, Barthold Turkestan 110 f.
[53] On this dynasty see Ērānshahr 37 f., 248 ff. and de Goeje in W.Z.K.M. XVI (1902) 192-195.