[28] See _The Antiquity of Man_, by Arthur Keith.
[30] According to R. L. Garner, however, both gorillas and chimpanzees are polygamous. See _Gorillas and Chimpanzees_, pp. 54 and 214.
[31] This view is not opposed to the suggestion I have somewhere seen that the collecting activities of women, whilst men hunted, may, at some stage, have led to property and domestication of plants and animals. Again, the pastoral and agricultural states are not necessarily successive: it depends upon local conditions. For an excellent survey of the gradual rise of primitive culture and the difficulties it encountered, see H. Spencer’s _Industrial Institutions, Principles of Sociology_, Vol. III.
[32] It is certainly believed by fox-hunters that a fox feeds his vixen when she is occupied with their family, and that “if the vixen is killed he will bring up the family by himself.”—Thomas F. Dale, _The Fox_, pp. 12, 13.
Nothing incredible in this—nor of wolves. Can the vixen provide for herself and litter alone? If not, the dog must do it: else there could be no foxes or wolves.
However, de Canteleu denies that the he-wolf takes any part in rearing the young (_La Chasse du Loup_, p. 30).
[33] W. P. Pycraft, in his entertaining _Courtship of Animals_, after assuming that Man became a hunter for the sake of the excitement such a life afforded, goes on (p. 23): “A little later the advantages of neighbourliness were borne in on him, largely for the sake of the greater ease wherewith the animals of the chase could be captured by their combined efforts; but this begat comradeship and some of the graces that follow therefrom.”
[36] Avebury, _Prehistoric Times_, 7th ed., p. 580.
[37] _Inquiries into Human Faculty_, p. 262.
[38] _Hunting Trips in North America_, p. 349.
[39] G. W. Stone, _Native Races of South Africa_, p. 91.
[42] _Life Histories of Northern Animals_, p. 755.
[43] _Wild Beasts of India_, pp. 275-6. Cf. Casserly, _Life on an Indian Outpost_, pp. 94-5. Brehm says, in _Thierleben_, that in Russia wolves attack and kill the bear.
[44] _Life Histories of Northern Animals_, p. 754.
[46] _Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter_, p. 70.
[49] Spencer and Gillen, _Across Australia_, p. 388.
[53] See the _Report of the British Association_, 1900, pp. 711-30. The author has since then revised his estimates, assigning much greater depth to the Pliocene and Miocene deposits and proportionally more time for their formation. See the _Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society_, LXV. (1909).