(_c_) xxviii. 12, 12, 'Hispania prima Romanis inita provinciarum, quae quidem continentis sint, postrema omnium nostra demum aetate ductu auspicioque Augusti Caesaris perdomita.' This was written not earlier than B.C. 19, if it refers to Agrippa's victory over the Cantabrians.
(_d_) Book lix. mentioned the _lex de maritandis ordinibus_, and consequently cannot have been earlier than B.C. 18.
(_e_) The books in which Pompeius figured were composed in the lifetime of Augustus (Tac. _Ann._ iv. 34, above).
(_f_) Book cxxi., according to the oldest MS. of the Periochae, was published after the death of Augustus; so doubtless were the remaining Books (A.D. 14-17).
A work of such compass, and occupying so many years of the author's life, would naturally be published in sections. This _a priori_ view is corroborated by several considerations: (_a_) There are separate prefaces to various sections (vi. 1; xxi. 1; xxxi. 1); (_b_) Livy's style was censured[70] by Asinius Pollio, who died A.D. 5; (_c_) Augustus was acquainted with Livy's sympathetic treatment of Pompeius (see above); (_d_) Livy had great fame in his lifetime: Pliny, _Ep._ ii. 3, 8, 'Numquamne legisti Gaditanum quemdam T. Livi nomine gloriaque commotum ad visendum eum ab ultimo terrarum orbe venisse statimque ut viderat abisse?'
The historians from whom Livy derived his materials, and whom he himself mentions are: _Fabius Pictor_ (i. 44, 2, etc.). Livy refers to him six times, but it may be questioned whether he used him at first-hand. More probably he took his opinions on the authority of later annalists like Macer, Antias, and Tubero. _Cincius Alimentus_ (xxi. 38, 3): the Cincius quoted in vii. 3, 7, may be the same, or an antiquarian of the Ciceronian or Augustan age; _Cato_ (xxxiv. 15, 9); _Calpurnius Piso_ (xxv. 39, 15); _Coelius Antipater_ (xxix. 25, 3); _Claudius Quadrigarius_ (vi. 42, 5, etc.); _Valerius Antias_, quoted thirty-five times--far more frequently than any other authority; _Licinius Macer_; _Aelius Tubero_ (iv. 23, 1); _Clodius Licinus_ (xxix. 22, 10); _Rutilius_ (xxxix. 52, 1); _Polybius_; _Silenus_ (xxvi. 49, 3), a Greek, whose account of the Second Punic War was favourable to the Carthaginians.