Ultzmann, of Vienna, in his work on the "Neuroses of the Genito-Urinary Organs," gives the subject of enuresis considerable attention. It is not a work on diseases of children, but it, nevertheless, goes into the subject as if it were, and furnishes the profession with considerable information. He defines enuresis to be the passage of urine of a normal quality in a child who, with the exception of this involuntary urination, is healthy. In the first periods of life, a slight vesical or intestinal expulsive effort is sufficient to overcome the guarding sphincter muscles at their outlet; the child first obtains a voluntary control of the rectal sphincter; and, generally, with the second year it gains control of the vesical. Those who pass their second year without obtaining this control, but in whom the organs and urine are normal, may be said to be afflicted with enuresis. He divides enuresis into three varieties; that involuntary urination which takes place at night during sleep he terms the _nocturnal_; that which takes place while climbing, laughing, coughing, or in the course of any violent muscular exercise is the _diurnal_; and that wherein the involuntary evacuation takes place day and night alike he terms as the _continued_. This last is again subdivided into the continuous and periodical. As a cause, he cites anæmia, scrofula, rachitis; but adds that physical debility is not necessary for its presence, as well-developed, vigorous, puffy children are as liable to be affected as thin and scrawny ones; while not all scrofulous or rachitic children are so affected, only a small portion being enuretic. Sex has no influence on the liability that tends to being attacked, the proportion between the sexes being about equal. As to age, he finds the greatest proportion to be between three and ten years, but he has often treated those of either sex even at the age of fourteen and up to seventeen years. It is absolutely necessary to examine the external genitals and the urine of those affected by this disease, as phlegmasiæ of the vagina, of the vestibule or urethra in girls, or the practice of onanism, or lithiasis, cystitis, or pyelitis may be the cause of the disease. Girls are apt to be found affected with polypoid excrescences at the meatus, which when removed will cause the enuresis to disappear.