Among other abstract ideas are those of _Arete_ (Virtue) and _Hedone_ (Pleasure), which have been suggested as represented on one vase.[1083] On a R.F. vase in Vienna, _Dike_ (Justice) is seen overcoming _Adikia_ (Injustice)[1084]; _Apate_ (Deceit) on the vase with Dareios in council beguiles the goddess Asia with bad advice,[1085] and also leads Tereus astray[1086]; _Phobos_ (Fear) drives the chariot of Ares when he assists Kyknos against Herakles[1087]; he is specially associated with the god of war, the idea being that of inducing panic among enemies; and in many cases his head appears, like that of the Gorgon, as a device on shields.[1088] In one instance he appears as a lion-headed monster.[1089] Artemis, in the capacity of _Aidos_ (Shame), hinders Tityos from carrying off Leto.[1090] _Eris_ (Strife) appears on B.F. vases as a winged female figure running, in scenes of combat, chariot-races, etc., or as a single figure.[1091] But the identification is not always certain; in some combat scenes it is possible that Ate or a Ker is meant, and in those of an agonistic character we may see Agon, the personification of athletics (see above, p. 89).[1092]
VIII. The metaphysical ideas next to be discussed are almost exclusively punitive agencies, either connected with scenes in the under-world (Ananke, Poinae, and the Furies), or bringing down penalties and disasters on the heads of wrong-doers, such as the personifications of madness which occur in many of the tragic subjects on Apulian vases.
In the first group we reckon _Ananke_ (Necessity) and the _Poinae_ (Punishments), who appear with the Furies in a scene from the under-world,[1093] _Ate_ or _Ker_ (Destiny), a winged figure seen at the death of Hector[1094] and at the madness of Lykourgos[1095]; and _Nemesis_ (Vengeance) in the scene between Atreus and Thyestes,[1096] with reference to its fate-fraught character. In less tragic circumstances the latter is present in a bridal scene, with attributes of a flower and an apple.[1097] The Moirae or Fates have already been mentioned (p. 83), as has Themis or Divine Ordinance (p. 74).
The second group includes _Lyssa_ (Frenzy), who drives Aktaeon, Hippolytos, and Lykourgos to madness or destruction[1098]; _Mania_ (Madness), who similarly drives Herakles to slay his children[1099]; and _Oistros_ (_E.g._ a Gad-fly), who performs similar functions when Medeia is about to slay hers.[1100]