The reader may be referred for an admirable summary of the theories of electricity prior to the advent of the electronic hypothesis to J.J. Thomson's "Report on Electrical Theories" (_Brit. Assoc. Report_, 1885), in which he divides electrical theories enunciated during the 19th century into four classes, and summarizes the opinions and theories of A.M. Ampère, H.G. Grassman, C.F. Gauss, W.E. Weber, G.F.B. Riemann, R.J.E. Clausius, F.E. Neumann and H. von Helmholtz.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.--M. Faraday, _Experimental Researches in Electricity_ (3 vols., London, 1839, 1844, 1855); A.A. De la Rive, _Treatise on Electricity_ (3 vols., London, 1853, 1858); J. Clerk Maxwell, _A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism_ (2 vols., 3rd ed., 1892); id., _Scientific Papers_ (2 vols., edited by Sir W.J. Niven, Cambridge, 1890); H.M. Noad, _A Manual of Electricity_ (2 vols., London, 1855, 1857); J.J. Thomson, _Recent Researches in Electricity and Magnetism_ (Oxford, 1893); id., _Conduction of Electricity through Gases_ (Cambridge, 1903); id., _Electricity and Matter_ (London, 1904); O. Heaviside, _Electromagnetic Theory_ (London, 1893); O.J. Lodge, _Modern Views of Electricity_ (London, 1889); E. Mascart and J. Joubert, _A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism_, English trans. by E. Atkinson (2 vols., London, 1883); Park Benjamin, _The Intellectual Rise in Electricity_ (London, 1895); G.C. Foster and A.W. Porter, _Electricity and Magnetism_ (London, 1903); A. Gray, _A Treatise on Magnetism and Electricity_ (London, 1898); H.W. Watson and S.H. Burbury, _The Mathematical Theory of Electricity and Magnetism_ (2 vols., 1885); Lord Kelvin (Sir William Thomson), _Mathematical and Physical Papers_ (3 vols., Cambridge, 1882); Lord Rayleigh, _Scientific Papers_ (4 vols., Cambridge, 1903); A. Winkelmann, _Handbuch der Physik_, vols. iii. and iv. (Breslau, 1903 and 1905; a mine of wealth for references to original papers on electricity and magnetism from the earliest date up to modern times). For particular information on the modern Electronic theory the reader may consult W. Kaufmann, "The Developments of the Electron Idea." _Physikalische Zeitschrift_ (1st of Oct. 1901), or _The Electrician_ (1901), 48, p. 95; H.A. Lorentz, _The Theory of Electrons_ (1909); E.E. Fournier d'Albe, _The Electron Theory_ (London, 1906); H. Abraham and P. Langevin, _Ions, Electrons, Corpuscles_ (Paris, 1905); J.A. Fleming, "The Electronic Theory of Electricity," _Popular Science Monthly_ (May 1902); Sir Oliver J. Lodge, _Electrons, or the Nature and Properties of Negative Electricity_ (London, 1907). (J. A. F.)