Yellow warbler image via Canva Pro. As the seasons change, they fly in their thousands over endless miles of land and sea. Somehow, despite the challenges, most migrating birds miraculously reach their destination. Occasionally, one or two are shown to have made a record-breaking flight, as their movements are increasingly tracked, through both sophisticated technology and more traditional methods. World Migratory Bird Day (WMBD), which celebrates these amazing journeys, is an unusual celebration, taking place twice a year in the Americas, in honour of the biannual movements of migrating birds. This year, according to Environment for the Americas (EFTA), which organises the day each year, it will be observed on May 13 in Canada and the United States (when birds have arrived and settled down in North America); on October 14 it will be celebrated in the Caribbean, Mexico, and South and Central America, where they return for the winter months. Created in 1993 by the Smithsonian Institution’s Migratory Bird Center and originally focused on the Western Hemisphere, WMBD expanded in 2018 by forming an alliance with two major “flyways,” thus encompassing the world. Since then, in addition to the Americas Flyway, there is the African-Eurasian Flyway, and the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. Now that all are linked, they are able to address the many issues that migratory birds worldwide have in common. More discoveries are also emerging from ongoing research, including how migrating birds fuel themselves for the journey. What exactly is a flyway? A highway of sorts, it is the route taken by birds migrating from breeding grounds to their winter quarters. There are four flyways in North America alone. Wetlands International shared an illustration from Canada: #WorldMigratoryBirdDay is this weekend and our friends @ducanada created this video explaining North American flyways ⤵️ https://t.co/U654ClxsnW — Wetlands International (@WetlandsInt) May 11, 2023 Nowadays, increasingly sophisticated technology tracks the movements of these birds, helping to inform scientists of changing migration patterns, and where and when they might be stopping off along the way to rest and refuel. Several digital tools and visualisations, including interactive maps, provide fascinating insights and important data. The Motus Wildlife Tracking System is a growing network that uses automated radio satellite telemetry through stations set up across the Americas. It is now underway in the Caribbean as well, where BirdsCaribbean set up the first receiver stations in 2021. Already well established in North America, and some parts of South and Central America, Motus continues to expand. Citizen scientists and birders worldwide record their sightings on the eBird online portal, which has been able to generate a wealth of data on where the birds are, and when. Bird banding is a less high-tech method of tracking individual birds and how far they travel. Birds caught in mist nets have a tiny coloured band attached to their legs and are released. Sometimes, a banded bird turns up in an unexpected place. Young conservationists continue to learn how to band birds, a practice that is over a century old. The theme of this year’s WMBD, “Water: Sustaining Bird Life,” emphasises the importance of clean water in the birds’ lives, as well as the growing impact of drought and water pollution. According to EFTA, both the quality and the quantity of water are major concerns, with climate change increasing the length and frequency of drought periods throughout the region. Several large wetland areas that lie on the birds’ three major flyways, including Utah’s Great Salt Lake, the African Sahel’s Lake Chad, and Asia’s almost-extinct Aral Sea, among others, all critical habitats for thousands of migratory birds, are now drying up: 📢 PRESS RELEASE: World Migratory Bird Day 2023 Highlights Impact of the Growing Water Crisis 💦 on Migratory Birds 🦩 Learn more about #WorldMigratoryBirdDay and the importance of #WaterForBirds! ➡️https://t.co/acIZfDJ3oE pic.twitter.com/dIa3cHUP5i — World Migratory Bird Day (@WMBD) May 11, 2023 BirdLife, in both Africa and Europe, echoed the importance of wetlands for migratory birds. Drought is also a pressing concern for humans in the Caribbean. Jamaica’s Prime Minister Andrew Holness recently announced a major increase in the island’s budget to improve water systems, urging residents to conserve water. The WMBD experience varies from one region to another. In the Americas, brightly coloured warblers and songbirds gradually disappear from Caribbean forests and gardens, and are mostly gone by the end of April. They go to North America to begin their breeding cycle, heading back south in September.