The "Book of Rites," or, rather, the Canienga portion of it, is written in the orthography first employed by the English missionaries. The _d_ is frequently used, and must be regarded merely as a variant of the _t_ sound. The _g_ is sometimes, though rarely, employed as a variant of the _k_. The digraph _gh_ is common and represents the guttural aspirate, which in German is indicated by _ch_ and in Spanish by _j_. The French missionaries write it now simply _h_, and consider it merely a harsh pronunciation of the aspirate. The _j_ is sounded as in English; it usually represents a complex sound, which might be analysed into _ts_ or _tsi_; _jathondek_ is properly _tsiatontek_. The _x_, which occasionally appears, is to be pronounced _ks_, as in English. _An, en, on_, when not followed by a vowel, have a nasal sound, as in French. This sound is heard even when those syllables are followed by another _n_. Thus _Kanonsionni_ is pronounced as if written _Kanonsionni_ and _yondennase_ as if written _yondennase_. The vowels have usually the same sound as in German and Italian; but in the nasal _en_ the vowel has an obscure sound, nearly like that of the short _u_ in _but_. Thus _yondennase_ sounds almost as if written _yondunnase_, and _kanienke_ is pronounced nearly like _kaniunke_.
The nouns in Iroquois are varied, but with accidence differing from the Aryan and Semitic variations, some of the distinctions being more subtle, and, so to speak, metaphysical. The dual is expressed by prefixing the particle _te_, and suffixing _ke_ to the noun; thus, from _kanonsa_, house, we have _tekanonsake_, two houses. These syllables, or at least the first, are supposed to be derived from _tekeni_, two. The plural, when it follows an adjective expressive of number, is indicated by the syllable _ni_ prefixed to the noun, and _ke_ suffixed; as, _eso nikanonsake_, many houses. In other cases the plural is sometimes expressed by one of the words _okon_ (or _hokon_) _okonha_, _son_ and _sonha_, following the noun. In general, however, the plural significance of nouns is left to be inferred from the context, the verb always and the adjective frequently indicating it.
All beings are divided into two classes, which do not correspond either with the Aryan genders or with the distinctions of animate and inanimate which prevail in the Algonkin tongues. These classes have been styled noble and common. To the noble belong male human beings and deities. The other class comprises women and all other objects. It seems probable, however, that the distinction in the first instance was merely that of sex,--that it was, in fact, a true gender. Deities, being regarded as male, were included in the masculine gender. There being no neuter form, the feminine gender was extended, and made to comprise all other beings. These classes, however, are not indicated by any change in the noun, but merely by the forms of the pronoun and the verb.