Windward Heights (, lit. The Migration of Hearts) is a novel by Maryse Condé, written in French and first published in 1995 by Robert Laffont. The English translation, by Condé's husband Richard Philcox, was first published in 1998. The novel is a reworking of Wuthering Heights set in Cuba and Guadeloupe at the turn of the twentieth century.
Title
In French, the novel is entitled La Migration des cœurs (literally 'the migration of the hearts'). Speaking in 2016 to Françoise Pfaff, Condé explained the title thus: "J'ai vu dans ce titre une manière d'exprimer que l'histoire se répétait; il y avait une première génération avec Cathy qui était aimée par Razyé et par de Linsseuil et une deuxième génération avec Cathy II, fille de Cathy, aimée par Premier-né" ("I saw in this title a way of expressing how history repeats itself; there was a first generation with Cathy who was loved both by Razyé and by de Linsseuil, and a second generation with Cathy II, daughter of Cathy, loved by Premier-né").
Style
In the original, Windward Heights is predominantly written in standard French, but characteristed by Condé's characteristic blending of French with Guadeloup creole, with no explication for the reader. Condé, opposed to thinking of the French language as immutable, has likewise opposed the idea that a ready distinction can be drawn between standard French and creole. In a 2016 interview, she argued that "Il n'y pas le français. Il y a le français de Proust, de Chateaubriand, de Maryse Condé. J'ai dit clairement par la suite: 'Je n'écris ni en français, ni en créole, j'écris en Maryse Condé.' C'était une réponse aux angoisses que j'avais connues d'utiliser une langue qui ne m'appartient pas. Le français et le créole appartiennent à ceux qui les utilisent" ("There is no French. There is the French of Proust, of Chateaubriand, of Maryse Condé. I have said clearly later: "I do not write neither in French nor in Creole, I write in Maryse Condé.' It was a response to the anxieties I had to use a language that does not belong to me. French and Creole belong to those who use them").
Examples include: "Il lui traitait comme un jouet. Il lui appartenait, avec toutes les qualités des gros mots, les biguines les plus obscènes. Il se tordait à le voir danser en fretillant du bonda ou en pointant son sexe. Il l'encourageait à se déguiser en mas'à kongo ou en mas'à goudron." "Elle se levait en fredonnant tel ou tel air de biguine. C'étaient des Ban mwen an ti bo ou des Doudou ki jou? pas jodi la!" "Justin se tourna vers Razyé et lui cria comme à un chien: Dèro! Déro, mwen di-w! Mache!" Ce procédé relève d'une volonté de "dépayser le lecteur qui se rappelle que c'est une histoire guadeloupéenne à travers les sons, les métaphores, les images."
Summary
Windward Heights was inspired by Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights, and Condé has described the work as a homage to Brontë. It transposes the Yorkshire moors in the island of Guadeloupe. Thus, she retains the characters of Cathy and Heathcliffe (who becomes Razyé) but transposes them into a Creole identity. The Linton family becomes the "De Linsseuil" family, who live on the Belles-Feuilles estate (and no longer Thrushcross Grange as in English), and the Earnshaw family becomes the Gagneur family who inhabit the Engoulevent estate (like Wuthering Heights in English). As a result, The Migration of Hearts can be considered a postcolonial rewriting.
The novel comprises forty-one chapters and is divided into five parts which each represent one of the islands (Cuba, Basse-Terre, Marie-Galante, Roseau) where the story takes place.
Maryse Condé remains faithful to Brontë's novel by telling the story of Razyé's revenge on the Linnseuil family. But, unlike Bronte's story, Conde makes sure that Cathy and Razyé have a child, Cathy II. The secret of this liaison is always kept and it is because of this that Cathy II and Razyé II marry: driven by an inexplicable love, they are attracted to each other. As a result of their affair, they also have a child, a little girl named Anthuria.
Razyé II and Cathy II take refuge in Roseau and it is only after the death of Cathy II that Razyé II returns to the Engoulevent estate with his daughter.