Youth anger in India has changed from collective action for a better society to competitive religiosity and hatred. Indian youngsters are venting their anger by violating the sanctity of religious symbols, forcible exclusion and subjugation of the Dalits (once known as “untouchables”) and minorities. The headlines of Indian newspapers are testimony to this phenomenon. “Youths attack Class 9 student for not chanting Jai Shri Ram in Jharkhand”. “Muslim college student beaten and pushed off a private bus for travelling with a Hindu girl in Karnataka”. “Disabled senior citizen ‘suspected of being Muslim’ thrashed, found dead in Madhya Pradesh”. “Dalit youth thrashed for touching food at a wedding in Uttar Pradesh”. “Tribal man lynched for drawing water from tube well in Rajasthan”. “Mob sexually assaults Adivasi woman”. Civil society organisations have claimed that unemployed young people are being radicalised by some political parties with their anger channelled into igniting communal insecurities, hatred and riots. However, there are other forms of expressing anger as well. Unemployed youngsters in December last year breached the security of Indian Parliament and jumped into the well of the House to attract the attention to growing youth unemployment. They are now being tried for terrorism. Rumours of recruitment scams in government jobs have led to youth anger and even suicides across India earlier as well. This anger reflects the massive unemployment rate among young people. According to the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, an independent think tank, in the October-December 2023 quarter, joblessness among 20 to 24 year olds grew to 44.49 percent. The desperation of the government is also evident in its attempts to export youngsters to Israel to take over the jobs of the Palestinian workers evicted after the war in Gaza. It’s no surprise young people are angry. This anger can manifest itself in various ways – ranging from suicides, drug addiction and domestic violence to religious radicalisation. From India’s Independence in 1947 to the 1960s, youth frustration was mainly a collective response to the non-fulfilment of the dreams nurtured by the freedom struggle. Issues like poverty, feudalism, farmers’ exploitation by moneylenders and the remnants of the colonial mind-set fuelled youth anger. The period until the mid-1960s can be characterised as a phase of hope and romance. This reality was also mirrored in commercial Indian cinema. Take, for example, the narrative of the iconic film Mother India (1957). It portrayed the aspirations of a newly independent nation striving for equality, empowerment and social justice. However, the model of development adopted did not deliver on the promises. The unfulfilled dreams of young India found expression in collective protests, such as the armed Maoist Naxalite movement, assertive trade unions leading major strikes and numerous peasant protests. These class-based protests were not merely an expression of frustration but an attempt, even if ultimately inconsequential, at realising the dream of building an equitable society. From the late 1970s to the late 1990s, youth anger was expressed collectively but shaped by class and religious identities. It was spurred by the aspirations for upward mobility being thwarted by systemic injustices and moral compromises. The mid-1970s also witnessed an economic recession, price rises, food shortages, the fading away of the aura of the freedom movement and a marked erosion in democratic institutions. Hope gave way to frustration and produced a wave of intense anger in younger people. There were revolts in Gujarat and Bihar which quickly gathered momentum to become a national movement, which was led by an ageing Gandhian, Jayaprakash Narayan. To quash it, then-PM Indira Gandhi imposed an internal emergency in 1975 imprisoning thousands and curtailing basic civil liberties. Along with class-based protests, youth anger also found expression in displaced targets through their participation in communal riots. Communal riots between the periods 1954-69 and 1969-82 almost doubled. This phase also witnessed expression of youth anger in secessionist movement launched by the Sikh militants leading to assassination of Indira Gandhi followed by the Sikh carnage. The post-Emergency events changed the character of democracy in India dramatically. The economic policies of the government became more dole-oriented. They provided hope to the downtrodden, without actually providing any tangible gains. This was the beginning of what one might call the third phase of youth anger in India post 1990. Once again the hopes of young people were thwarted.