, is a Buddhist temple located in Takanawa, Minato, Tokyo, Japan. The temple belongs to the Myōshin-ji branch of the Rinzai school of Japanese Zen. One of the four great Zen temples of Edo, it is best known in history as the location of the first British legation in Japan during the Bakumatsu period and the site of a number of incidents against foreigners by pro-sonnō jōi samurai. The temple's precincts were designated a National Historic Site in 2010.
History
The temple was established in 1610 in Akasaka by Ryōnan Zenji, and its name comes from the Dharma name of Itō Sukenori, daimyō of Obi Domain in Hyūga Province (preset day Miyazaki Prefecture). In 1636 it was relocated to its present location. At the time, the temple was directly on Edo Bay and for that reason was nicknamed Kaijō Zenrin (literally, "the Zen forest above the sea"). During the Edo Period it served as the bodaiji for a number of daimyō clans, including the:
Date clan of Sendai Domain
Date clan of Uwajima Domain
Date clan of Iyo-Yoshida Domain
Ikeda clan of Okayama Domain
Ikeda clan of Akō Domain
Ikeda clan of Kamogata Domain
Ikeda clan of Ikusaka Domain
Suwa clan of Suwa Domain
Matsudaira clan of Kanō Domain
Oda clan of Yanagimoto Domain
Inaba clan of Usuki Domain
Mōri clan of Saiki Domain
The First Tōzenji incident
One of the provisions of the 1858 Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce was that a representative of the British government would be permitted to reside in Edo. Rutherford Alcock was appointed Consul-General in Japan and selected Tōzen-ji to be used as the site of the British legation. It had been the policy of the Tokugawa Shogunate to commandeer temples for temporary use by foreign dignitaries, and Alcock felt that Tōzen-ji was of a suitable size and status. Japanese authorities were against the choice of Edo and advised Alcock to settle in Yokohama, especially as Tōzen-ji was located at the entrance to the Tōkaidō, the busiest and most important highway in Japan, and was therefore exposed to possible attacks. Alcock would not be deterred and the British legation was opened in 1859. In January 1860, Kobayashi Denkichi, the native interpreter of Rutherford Alcock, was murdered at the gate of the legation by two rōnin, foreshadowing further trouble which was to come.
In May, Alcock returned to Edo from a visit to Nagasaki. Although the Shogunate had requested that he return by ship due to security reasons, he insisted on traveling overland to uphold one of the provisions of the treaty, namely that the movement of diplomats within Japan not be restricted. This greatly incensed the sonnō jōi party, especially a number of extremist rōnin formerly of Mito Domain. Led by Ariga Hanya, a number of rōnin assembled at the Toraya inn at Shinagawa-juku, and made their attack on the night of July 5, 1861 at 10 PM. Within the legation, some of the staff had stayed awake to follow the passage of a comet while Alcock slept in his apartments. There was a squad of sentries guarding the legation from Nishio Domain and Yamato-Kōriyama Domain but no particular precautions had been taken. The situation had returned to normal after the events of 1860 and no one suspected an imminent attack. When the Mito rōnin stormed the legation, the Japanese sentries fought back vigorously, killing three (including Ariga) and capturing three others. Two of the defenders were killed, and ten wounded, including George Morrison and the writer Laurence Oliphant, who were later sent back to England to recover. Alcock had time to load his revolver and fire a few shots before the battle was over.