Sir Thomas Lucas (1598 – before October 1649), was a professional soldier from Lexden, just outside Colchester in Essex, England, who served with the Dutch States Army in the Eighty Years War and later fought in the Irish Confederate Wars.
The eldest son of a prominent Essex family, Lucas took up a military career after being excluded from inheriting the family estates due to his illegitimacy. He took part in the 1639 to 1640 Bishops' Wars and was subsequently made General of Horse in Ireland. After the Irish Rebellion broke out in October 1641, James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormond, appointed him to the Privy Council of Ireland.
Both his brothers served with the Royalist army during the First English Civil War but Lucas remained in Ireland and helped negotiate the September 1643 Ceasefire or "Cessation" with the Irish Catholic Confederacy, which allowed Protestant Irish troops to be transferred to England. Shortly after Charles I surrendered in June 1646, he returned to England and retired to his estates in Lexden after paying a fine.
He took no part in the 1648 Second English Civil War, even though his younger brother Charles Lucas (1613–1648) led the Royalist defence of Colchester and was executed after it surrendered. He died sometime before October 1649.
Personal details
Thomas Lucas was born in 1598, eldest son of Sir Thomas Lucas (1573–1625) and his then mistress and future wife Elizabeth Leighton (died 1647). Shortly before the birth, Sir Thomas fled abroad after killing a member of the Cecil family in a duel. He remained in exile until pardoned by James VI and I and the marriage did not take place until August 1604, making Thomas technically illegitimate. This meant his younger brother Sir John (1606–1671) inherited the family estates, although in 1612 his father purchased him a manor near Lexden, outside Colchester.
In addition to John, Lucas had another brother, Charles Lucas (1613–1648) and five sisters, including Mary (1608–1646), wife of Sir Peter Killigrew (1593–1668), Anne (1614–?), Elizabeth (1612–1691), who married Sir William Walter (1604–1675), and Catherine (1605–1702), wife of Sir Edmund Pye (1607–1673). The youngest was Margaret (1623–1673), a prolific author and scientist who in 1645 married William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle (1593–1676), formerly Royalist commander in Northern England during the First English Civil War.
In January 1629, Thomas married Mary Byron (1612–1650) and they had five children together before his death in October 1649; Anne (1629–1670), Charles (1631–1688), Thomas (1635–1679), William (1640–1690) and John (1647–1680). After the death of Sir John Lucas in 1671, Charles inherited the family estates and title of Baron Lucas.
Career
Lucas graduated from Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1615 and as with other members of the gentry who for various reasons had no prospect of inheriting the family estates, he followed a military career. Like many contemporaries from England and Scotland who later fought in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, such as Nicholas Slanning, Sir Thomas Fairfax and George Monck, he supported the Protestant Dutch Republic in the Eighty Years War with Spain. By 1627, he was captain of a troop of cavalry in the Dutch States Army and was knighted by King Charles I on 14 April 1628.
From 1629 to 1640, Charles ruled without Parliament, and as the 1630s progressed, political and religious disputes with his opponents in all three kingdoms grew increasingly bitter. In 1638, the Covenanters took control of government in Scotland and both sides began preparations for military conflict. As part of a policy of securing the allegiance of professional soldiers like Lucas, in December 1638, the Chief governor of Ireland, Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, suggested giving him a position in the Irish Army. This was intended to prevent Presbyterian settlers in Ulster supporting their co-religionists in Scotland.
As Royalists in a county dominated by supporters of Parliament, the Essex-based Lucas family was of greater significance than it might appear and at the same time his brother John joined the newly-established household of the eight year old Prince of Wales. Although Charles approved Strafford's recommendation, Lucas was still a member of the Dutch army and played no part in the first of the Bishops' Wars in 1639. In February 1640, he was appointed General of Horse in Ireland and during the second Bishops' War commanded a regiment in Yorkshire.